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Tag Archives: Philosophers Squared

Philosophers Squared – Nicolas Malebranche

19 Saturday Oct 2013

Posted by probaway in Philosophers Squared

≈ 11 Comments

Tags

Carteasianism, Descartes, Epistemology, Metaphysics, Nicolas Malebranche, Occasionalism, Philosophers Squared, Rationalism, St Augustine

Go to the Index of 120 Philosophers Squared

Nicolas Malebranche (1638 – 1715) was a French rationalist philosopher. Our soul is not united to our body in the ordinary sense of these terms. It is immediately and directly united to God alone.

Nicolas Malebranche

Nicolas Malebranche, Rationalist – Cartesian philosopher

Sources of quotations:  GoodReads, BrainyQuotes, Successories,


Quotations from Nicolas Malebranche

1.  We are not our own light.

2. Just as our eyes need light in order to see, our minds need ideas in order to conceive.

3. One should assiduously pursue perfection without ever claiming to attain it.

4. We are made to know and love God.

5. As our bodies live upon the earth and find sustenance in the fruits which it produces, so our minds feed on the same truths as the intelligible and immutable substance of the divine Word contains.

6. I love good and pleasure, I hate evil and pain, I want to be happy and I am not mistaken in believing, that people, angels and even demons have those same inclinations.

7. Our soul is not united to our body in the ordinary sense of these terms. It is immediately and directly united to God alone.

8. Prejudices are not easily got rid of as an old coat which is no longer thought of.

9. You find yourself in the world, without any power, immovable as a rock, stupid, so to speak, as a log of wood.

10. All creatures are united to God alone in an immediate union. They depend essentially and directly upon Him. Being all alike equally impotent, they cannot be in reciprocal dependence upon one another.

11. Do not fear lest you should meditate too much upon Him and speak of Him in an unworthy way, providing you are led by faith. Do not fear lest you should entertain false opinions of Him so long as they are in conformity with the notion of the infinitely perfect Being.

12. God joins us together by means of the body, in consequence of the laws of the communication of movements. He affects us with the same feelings in consequence of the laws of the conjunction of body and soul.

13. God transforms, so to speak, this air into words, into various sounds. He makes you understand these various sounds through the modifications by which you are affected.

14. He has willed – He wills incessantly – that the modifications of the mind and those of the body shall be reciprocal. This is the conjunction and the natural dependence of the two parts of which we are constituted.

15. I beg of you always to dwell upon the necessity of a thorough understanding of principles, in order to stop the vivacity of his mind, and please do not forget to meditate upon the subject of our discussion.

16. In this connection, faith and experience teach us many truths by means of the short-cut of authority and by the proofs of very pleasant and agreeable feelings.

17. We see things in this material world, wherein our bodies dwell, only because our mind through its attention lives in another world, only because it contemplates the beauties of the archetypal and intelligible world which Reason contains.

18. You cannot of yourself move your arm or alter your position, situation, posture, do to other men good or evil, or effect the least change in the world.

19. You will not dishonor the divine perfections by judgments unworthy of them, provided you never judge of Him by yourself, provided you do not ascribe to the Creator the imperfections and limitations of created beings.

20. Our soul is not united to our body in the ordinary sense of these terms. It is immediately and directly united to God alone.

21. I derive nothing whatever from my own nature, nothing from the nature imagined by the philosophers – all comes from God and His decrees.

 



COMMENTS on the Quotations from Nicolas Malebranche

You cannot of yourself move your arm or alter your position, situation, posture, do to other men good or evil, or effect the least change in the world. What is Malebranche trying to communicate with what appears to be an obvious self-evident falsehood?

In this connection, faith and experience teach us many truths by means of the short-cut of authority and by the proofs of very pleasant and agreeable feelings. Here, Malebranche appears to claim that if you trust his assertions you can quickly get through to the truths which he has discovered, and asserts.

Our soul is not united to our body in the ordinary sense of these terms. It is immediately and directly united to God alone. My problem is that his statements are simple assertions with no way of verifying their truth or falsity. We are forced to accept them as absolute truths and by doing so to be blessed by God’s grace. Perhaps it worked for him, but I must include Malebranche in my list of …

The Philosophers of The Endarkenment

Derrida, Gadamer, Heidegger, Husserl, Levinas, Malebranche.


. . .

Philosophers Squared – Vladimir Lenin

18 Friday Oct 2013

Posted by probaway in Philosophers Squared

≈ 8 Comments

Tags

Communism, Philosophers Squared

Go to the Index of 120 Philosophers Squared

Vladimir Lenin (1870 – 1924) was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. The way to crush the bourgeoisie is to grind them between the millstones of taxation and inflation.

Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Lenin, student revolutionary, 1895 mug shot

 

Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Lenin, Communist revolutionary

 

Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Lenin, political philosopher and leader of Communist revolution

Sources of Quotations: WikiQuote, EGS, GoodReads, BrainyQuote, ThePeoplesCube,



Quotations from Vladimir Lenin

1. Without revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. This idea cannot be insisted upon too strongly at a time when the fashionable preaching of opportunism goes hand in hand with an infatuation for the narrowest forms of practical activity.

2. Freedom in capitalist society always remains about the same as it was in ancient Greek republics: Freedom for slave owners.

3. We must fight against the old habit of regarding the measure of labor and the means of production from the point of view of the slave whose sole aim is to lighten the burden of labor or to obtain at least some little bit from the bourgeoisie.

4. To accept anything on trust, to preclude critical application and development, is a grievous sin; and in order to apply and develop, “simple interpretation” is obviously not enough.

5. The history of all countries shows that the working class exclusively by its own effort is able to develop only trade-union consciousness

6. Attention, must be devoted principally to raising the workers to the level of revolutionaries; it is not our task to descend to the level of the ‘working masses’.

7. The intellectual forces of the workers and peasants are growing and getting stronger in their fight to overthrow the bourgeoisie and their accomplices, the educated classes, the lackeys of capital, who consider themselves the brains of the nation. In fact they are not its brains but its shit..

8. Whenever the cause of the people is entrusted to professors, it is lost.

9. The press should be not only a collective propagandist and a collective agitator, but also a collective organizer of the masses.

10. Politics begin where the masses are, not where there are thousands, but where there are millions, that is where serious politics begin.

11. The best way to control the opposition is to lead it ourselves.

12. The way to crush the bourgeoisie is to grind them between the millstones of taxation and inflation.

13. Sometimes – history needs a push.

14. A lie told often enough becomes the truth.

15. We want to achieve a new and better order of society: in this new and better society there must be neither rich nor poor; all will have to work. Not a handful of rich people, but all the working people must enjoy the fruits of their common labor. Machines and other improvements must serve to ease the work of all and not to enable a few to grow rich at the expense of millions and tens of millions of people. This new and better society is called socialist society. The teachings about this society are called socialism.

16. Everyone is free to write and say whatever he likes, without any restrictions. But every voluntary association (including the party) is also free to expel members who use the name of the party to advocate anti-party views. Freedom of speech and the press must be complete. But then freedom of association must be complete too. I am bound to accord you, in the name of free speech, the full right to shout, lie and write to your heart’s content. But you are bound to grant me, in the name of freedom of association, the right to enter into, or withdraw from, association with people advocating this or that view. The party is a voluntary association, which would inevitably break up, first ideologically and then physically, if it did not cleanse itself of people advocating anti-party views.

17. Human reason has discovered many amazing things in nature and will discover still more, and will thereby increase its power over nature.

18. Human thought by its nature is capable of giving, and does give, absolute truth, which is compounded of a sum-total of relative truths.

19. Man’s consciousness not only reflects the objective world, but creates it.

20. It is not national interests we are upholding — we claim that the interests of socialism, the interests of world socialism, rank higher than national interests, higher than the interests of the state.

21. You cannot do anything without rousing the masses to action. A plenary meeting of the Soviet must be called to decide on mass searches in Petrograd and the goods stations. To carry out these searches, each factory and company must form contingents, not on a voluntary basis: it must be the duty of everyone to take part in these searches under the threat of being deprived of his bread card. We can’t expect to get anywhere unless we resort to terrorism: speculators must be shot on the spot. Moreover, bandits must be dealt with just as resolutely: they must be shot on the spot.

22. Hang (hang without fail, so the people see) no fewer than one hundred known kulaks, rich men, bloodsuckers.

23. Recovery proceeding excellently. Am sure that the crushing of the Kazan Czechs and whiteguards, as well as of the kulak extortioners supporting them, will be exemplarily ruthless.

24. Of all the arts, for us the cinema is the most important.

25. One cannot live in society and be free from society.

26. We set ourselves the ultimate aim of abolishing the state, i.e., all organized and systematic violence, all use of violence against people in general.

27. I come to the indisputable conclusion that we must precisely now smash the Black Hundreds clergy most decisively and ruthlessly and put down all resistance with such brutality that they will not forget it for several decades. … The greater the number of representatives of the reactionary clergy and the reactionary bourgeoisie that we succeed in shooting on this occasion, the better because this “audience” must precisely now be taught a lesson in such a way that they will not dare to think about any resistance whatsoever for several decades.

28. Despair is typical of those who do not understand the causes of evil, see no way out, and are incapable of struggle.

29. There are decades where nothing happens; and there are weeks where decades happen.

30. Give me just one generation of youth, and I’ll transform the whole world.

31. Unity is a great thing and a great slogan. But what the workers’ cause needs is the unity of Marxists, not unity between Marxists, and opponents and distorters of Marxism.

32. It is more pleasant and useful to go through the ‘experience of the revolution’ than to write about it.

33. One man with a gun can control 100 without one. … Make mass searches and hold executions for found arms.

34. There are no morals in politics; the is only experience. A scoundrel may be of use because he is a scoundrel.

35. During the lifetime of great revolutionaries, the oppressing classes constantly hounded them, received their theories with the most savage malice, the most furious hatred and the most unscrupulous campaigns of lies and slander. After their death, attempts are made to convert them into harmless icons, to canonize them, so to say, and to hallow their names to a certain extent for the “consolation” of the oppressed classes and with the object of duping the latter, while at the same time robbing the revolutionary theory of its substance, blunting its revolutionary edge and vulgarizing it.

36. Imperialism: The final stage of Capitalism.

37. But suppose, for the sake of argument, free competition, without any sort of monopoly, would develop capitalism trade more rapidly. Is it not a fact that the more rapidly trade and capitalism develop, the greater is the concentration of production and capital which gives rise to monopoly?

38. We are not utopians, we do not “dream” of dispensing at once with all administration, with all subordination. These anarchist dreams, based upon incomprehension of the tasks of the proletarian dictatorship, are totally alien to Marxism, and, as a matter of fact, serve only to postpone the socialist revolution until people are different. No, we want the socialist revolution with people as they are now, with people who cannot dispense with subordination, control, and “foremen and accountants”.

39. Human knowledge is not (or does not follow) a straight line, but a curve, which endlessly approximates a series of circles, a spiral. Any fragment, segment, section of this curve can be transformed (transformed one-sidedly) into an independent, complete, straight line, which then (if one does not see the wood for the trees) leads into the quagmire, into clerical obscurantism (where it is anchored by the class interests of the ruling classes).

40. Exchange, fair or unfair, always presupposes and includes the rule of the bourgeoisie.

41. Revolution can never be forecast; it cannot be foretold; it comes of itself. Revolution is brewing and is bound to flare up.

42. The goal of Socialism is Communism.

43. The best way to destroy the capitalist system is to debauch the currency.

44. Destroy the family, you destroy the country.

45. A revolution is impossible without a revolutionary situation; furthermore, not every revolutionary situation leads to revolution.

46. It is impossible to predict the time and progress of revolution. It is governed by its own more or less mysterious laws.


COMMENTS on the Quotations from Vladimir Lenin

A lie told often enough becomes the truth. This statement is bandied about to the point of meaninglessness, and the world is awash in lies. The sensible person can see the obvious lies, but it is difficult to do much to expose them to others, and the subtle lies no one can see. Perhaps the biggest lie is that the media brings useful information to the public; of course it does, but useful information is buried a thousand times over in useless self-serving garble.

Without revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. It is upon an idea that appeals to millions of people that a revolutionary movement must be formed. The idea must be one which is supported by an organization with a visible structure, that can be organized to coherent functioning, that people can rally to; there must be a core idea that will ring through all the ages, like “All men are created equal; they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness,” or “Liberty, Equality Fraternity” or … A list of successful political slogans.

The way to crush the bourgeoisie is to grind them between the millstones of taxation and inflation. This may be in process at this moment here in America, as the rich get exponentially richer, and the middle class picks up the tax for supporting the underemployed, and the slack is covered with inflation, which also hits those in the middle classes.

The best way to destroy the capitalist system is to debauch the currency. Who knows what money is nowadays? It isn’t gold coins, it isn’t silver coins, it doesn’t seem to be paper representing those metals stored someplace, it isn’t our credit card because that is just a measure of money and it itself isn’t money, it isn’t the bits of online data that flit around the internet. Money appears to be some vaporous stuff that the banks, the ones that are too big to fail, generate out of illusions. It’s hard to debauch gold or silver, but to debauch an illusion only requires the public opening their eyes, or a sudden puff of wind blowing the vapor away from the banks’ ruses.


. . .

Philosophers Squared – Ernst Mach

17 Thursday Oct 2013

Posted by probaway in Aphor

≈ 8 Comments

Tags

Ernst Mach, Philosophers Squared, Relativity, Scientific development, Shock waves

Go to the Index of 120 Philosophers Squared

Ernst Mach (1838 – 1916) was an Austrian physicist and the precursor of the general theory of relativity. Where neither confirmation nor refutation is possible, science is not concerned.

Ernst Mach

Ernst Mach, scientist and philosopher of being

Sources of quotes: WikiQuote, EGS, GoodReads, BrainyQuotes, SpaceAndMotion,


Quotations from Ernst Mach

1. I know of nothing more terrible than the poor creatures who have learned too much. Instead of the sound powerful judgement which would probably have grown up if they had learned nothing, their thoughts creep timidly and hypnotically after words, principles and formula, constantly by the same paths. What they have acquired is a spider’s web of thoughts too weak to furnish sure supports, but complicated enough to provide confusion.

2. The sensations are not “symbols of things”. On the contrary the “thing” is a mental symbol for a sensation-complex of relative stability. Not the things, the bodies, but colours, sounds, pressures, times (what we usually call sensations) are the true elements of the world.

3. Nature consists of the elements given by the senses. Primitive man first takes out of them certain complexes of these elements that present themselves with a certain stability and are most important to him. The first and oldest words are names for “things”. … The sensations are no “symbols of things”. On the contrary the “thing” is a mental symbol for a sensation-complex of relative stability. Not the things, the bodies, but colors, sounds, pressures, times (what we usually call sensations) are the true elements of the world.

4. It seemed to me a simple and natural, nay, an almost self-evident supposition, that similarity must be founded on a partial likeness or identity, and that consequently, where sensations were similar, we had to look for their common identical constituents and for the corresponding common physiological processes.

5. In reality, the law always contains less than the fact itself, because it does not reproduce the fact as a whole but only in that aspect of it which is important for us, the rest being intentionally or from necessity omitted.

6. I see the expression of… economy clearly in the gradual reduction of the statical laws of machines to a single one, viz. , the principle of virtual work: in the replacement of Kepler’s laws by Newton’s single law… and in the [subsequent] reduction, simplification and clarification of the laws of dynamics. I see clearly the biological-economical adaptation of ideas, which takes place by the principles of continuity (permanence) and of adequate definition and splits the concept ‘heat’ into the two concepts of ‘temperature’ and ‘quantity of heat’; and I see how the concept ‘quantity of heat’ leads on to ‘latent heat’, and to the concepts of ‘energy’ and ‘entropy’.

7. All this, the positive and physical essence of mechanics, which makes its chief and highest interest for a student of nature, is in existing treatises completely buried and concealed beneath a mass of technical considerations.

8. The function of science, as we take it, is to replace experience. Thus, on the one hand, science must remain in the province of experience, but, on the other, must hasten beyond it, constantly expecting confirmation, constantly expecting the reverse. Where neither confirmation nor refutation is possible, science is not concerned.

9. Science always has its origin in the adaptation of thought to some definite field of experience.

10. Science itself, therefore, may be regarded as a minimal problem, consisting of the completest possible presentment of facts with the least possible expenditure of thought.

11. The biological task of science is to provide the fully developed human individual with as perfect a means of orienting himself as possible. No other scientific ideal can be realized, and any other must be meaningless.

12. Not bodies produce sensations, but element-complexes (sensation-complexes) constitute the bodies. When the physicist considers the bodies as the permanent reality, the `elements’ as the transient appearance, he does not realize that all `bodies’ are only mental symbols for element-complexes (sensation-complexes)

13. Physics is experience, arranged in economical order.

14. The plain man is familiar with blindness and deafness, and knows from his everyday experience that the look of things is influenced by his senses; but it never occurs to him to regard the whole world as the creation of his senses.

15. My table is now brightly, now dimly lighted. Its temperature varies. It may receive an ink stain. One of its legs may be broken. It may be repaired, polished, and replaced part by part. But, for me, it remains the table at which I daily write.

16. The fact is, every thinker, every philosopher, the moment he is forced to abandon his one-sided intellectual occupation by practical necessity, immediately returns to the general point of view of mankind.

17. If our dreams were more regular, more connected, more stable, they would also have more practical importance for us.

18. Man is pre-eminently endowed with the power of voluntarily and consciously determining his own point of view.

19. Many an article that I myself penned twenty years ago impresses me now as something quite foreign to myself.

20. The task which we have set ourselves is simply to show why and for what purpose we hold that standpoint during most of our lives, and why and for what purpose we are provisionally obliged to abandon it.

21. When I recall today my early youth, I should take the boy that I then was, with the exception of a few individual features, for a different person, were it not for the existence of the chain of memories.

22. The apparent permanency of the ego consists chiefly in the single fact of its continuity, in the slowness of its changes

23. A piece of knowledge is never false or true – but only more or less biologically and evolutionary useful. All dogmatic creeds are approximations: these approximations form a humus from which better approximations grow.

24. A conceptual system is better if it is simple, comprehensive and free from internal contradictions; such a system is more useful to us and more fruitful. But we must not be misled into saying that nature itself is simple, economical and the like; the difference between economical and cumbersome conceptual systems is one of utility, not truth.


COMMENTS on the Quotations from Ernst Mach

Many an article that I myself penned twenty years ago impresses me now as something quite foreign to myself. This is a strange statement, which directly contradicts my personal experience. I don’t remember things I wrote many years ago but when reading them there is a feeling of affinity. This would be an interesting thing to test, by finding paragraphs in various people’s diaries from years ago, and asking them if they knew who wrote the material and how they feel about it.

Man is pre-eminently endowed with the power of voluntarily and consciously determining his own point of view. There seems to be a movement afoot at the moment to deny that humans have free will. There are experiments pointing out the decisions on some things being made before the person has consciously made a decision, but that doesn’t mean the individual didn’t make the decision. It’s like the thoughts in a sentence develop as a sentence is spoken, but the person doesn’t know the words that will be used at the end of the sentence. What they are thinking about is the ideas they want to express, and that is where free will resides. I don’t think this is a turtles-all-the-way down problem, or a first-cause one either.

It seemed to me a simple and natural, nay, an almost self-evident supposition, that similarity must be founded on a partial likeness or identity, and that consequently, where sensations were similar, we had to look for their common identical constituents and for the corresponding common physiological processes. This seems to be moving toward the convergent-ideas, moving toward a more fundamental and statable theory, that I have been dancing around the last few days. It is like convergent-evolution in living species, when confronted with similar problems sometimes finding similar solutions.

In reality, the law always contains less than the fact itself, because it does not reproduce the fact as a whole but only in that aspect of it which is important for us, the rest being intentionally or from necessity omitted. The abstract law cannot cover all of the details of a system, but it can forecast the way the system will probably evolve.


. . . 

Philosophers Squared — Claude Levi-Strauss

16 Wednesday Oct 2013

Posted by probaway in Philosophers Squared

≈ 7 Comments

Tags

Asking the right questions, Claude Levi-Strauss, Ethnology, Philosophers Squared

Go to the Index of 120 Philosophers Squared

Claude Levi-Strauss (1908 – 2009) was a French ethnologist. The wise man doesn’t give the right answers, he poses the right questions.

Claude Levi-Strauss

Claude Levi-Strauss, natural philosopher of ethnology

Quotations from Claude Levi-Strauss

1. It is only through difference that progress can be made. What threatens us right now is probably what we may call over-communication–that is, the tendency to know exactly in one point of the world what is going on in all other parts of the world. In order for a culture to be really itself and to produce something, the culture and its members must be convinced of their originality and even, to some extent, of their superiority over the others; it is only under conditions of under-communication that it can produce anything. We are now threatened with the prospect of our being only consumers, able to consume anything from any point in the world and from any culture, but of losing all originality.

2. We can understand, too, that natural species are chosen [as totems] not because they are “good to eat” but because they are “good to think. [good as personality models]

3. These facts make the creator of music a being like the gods, and make music itself the supreme mystery of human knowledge.

4. The work of the painter, the poet or the musician, like the myths and symbols of the savage, ought to be seen by us, if not as a superior form of knowledge, at least as the most fundamental and the only one really common to us all…

5. The development of human life is not everywhere the same but rather takes form in an extraordinary diversity of societies and civilizations. This intellectual, aesthetic and sociological diversity is in no way the outcome of the biological differences, in certain observable features, between different groups of men; it is simply a parallel phenomenon in a different sphere.

6. Enthusiastic partisans of the idea of progress are in danger of failing to recognize — because they set so little store by them — the immense riches accumulated by the human race on either side of the narrow furrow on which they keep their eyes fixed; by underrating the achievements of the past, they devalue all those which still remain to be accomplished.

7. The wise man doesn’t give the right answers, he poses the right questions. [Is there a procedure for discovering the right questions? A habit to cultivate, like observing the box, and asking a question that is marginally just outside of it; or, seeking a question in finding intellectual convergence of disparate ideas. ]

8. The idea behind structuralism is that there are things we may not know but we can learn how they are related to each other. This has been used by science since it existed and can be extended to a few other studies — linguistics and mythology — but certainly not to everything.
The great speculative structures are made to be broken. There is not one of them that can hope to last more than a few decades, or at most a century or two.

9. The fact that so much effort and expenditure has to be wasted on reaching the object of our studies bestows no value on that aspect of our profession, and should be seen rather as its negative side. The truths which we seek so far afield only become valid when we have separated them from this dross.

10. The order and harmony of the Western world, its most famous achievement, and a laboratory in which structures of a complexity as yet unknown are being fashioned, demand the elimination of a prodigious mass of noxious by-products which now contaminate the globe. The first thing we see as we travel round the world is our own filth, thrown into the face of mankind. [Great success brings great garbage as a by-product, the garbage of a society is a measure of its success.] I knew that, slowly and steadily, humanity was breeding such situations as a sick body breeds pus. It was as if our race was no longer able to cope with its own numbers and with the problems greater every day that resulted from this.

11. While I complain of being able to glimpse no more than the shadow of the past, I may be insensitive to reality as it is taking shape at this very moment,

12. The image a society evolves of the relationship between the living and the dead is, in the final analysis, an attempt, on the level of religious thought, to conceal, embellish or justify the actual relationships which prevail among the living.

13. One must be very naive or dishonest to imagine that men choose their beliefs independently of their situation.

14. How can the study of anthropology claim to be scientific? To reestablish an objective approach, we must abstain from making judgments of this kind. We must accept the fact that each society has made a certain choice, within the range of existing human possibilities, and that the various choices cannot be compared with each other: they are all equally valid.

15. Enthusiastic partisans of the idea of progress are in danger of failing to recognize — because they set so little store by them — the immense riches accumulated by the human race on either side of the narrow furrow on which they keep their eyes fixed; by underrating the achievements of the past, they devalue all those which still remain to be accomplished.

 


COMMENTS on Quotations from Claude Levi-Strauss

The wise man doesn’t give the right answers, he poses the right questions.

 Is there a procedure for discovering the right questions?

A habit to cultivate, like observing the box, and asking a question that is marginally just outside of it; or, seeking a question in finding intellectual convergence of disparate ideas as described below.

The development of human life is not everywhere the same but rather takes form in an extraordinary diversity of societies and civilizations. This intellectual, aesthetic and sociological diversity is in no way the outcome of the biological differences, in certain observable features, between different groups of men; it is simply a parallel phenomenon in a different sphere. Ethnology is the study of cultures, but doesn’t generalize to convergences or differences between species, or ideas.

I have been remarking the last few blog posts about intellectual convergence as a likely place to search for basic ideas. The idea is to purposefully search for convergence in closely related systems within larger systems, and then searching for similar convergence in distantly related systems, and when these are found to search for the underlying forcing processes that are active in all of them. When these abstracted ideas can be described the new more fundamental idea may likely be applied with similar effects to unrelated systems. Ethnography does this as do other research strategies, but they apply their discoveries only within their own fields. What I have been describing here is a deeper process where the underlying forcing factors are abstracted and applied to formerly unrelated subjects.

How can the study of anthropology claim to be scientific? To reestablish an objective approach, we must abstain from making judgments of this kind. We must accept the fact that each society has made a certain choice, within the range of existing human possibilities, and that the various choices cannot be compared with each other: they are all equally valid. In this quote we see Levi-Strauss’s tendency to reduce live processes into immobile, labeled objects, the tendency to deal with formalities rather than substance. He sees the problem of placing our judgment, derived from our own personal cultural learning, and then lays over that his own judgment, which is claimed not to judge. At a deeper level all judgments are equally valid because at their root they are all artificial constructs, and thus at their root arbitrary and meaningless. They derive meaning only because we impute meaning into them, and that comes from who we are; so this is a case where we are both right and wrong no matter what we choose to say or do.


. . .

Philosophers Squared – Gottfried Leibniz

15 Tuesday Oct 2013

Posted by probaway in Philosophers Squared

≈ 9 Comments

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Gottfried Leibniz, Leibniz, Philosophers Squared

Index

Gottfried Leibniz (1646 – 1716) was a German mathematician, philosopher and empirical rationalist. I hold that the mark of a genuine idea is that its possibility can be proved, either a priori by conceiving its cause or reason, or a posteriori when experience teaches us that it is in fact in nature.

Gottfried Leibniz

Gottfried Leibniz

Sources of quotations: WikiQuotes, EGS, GoodReads, BrainyQuotes,



Quotations from Gottfried Leibniz

1. We perceive things in three ways: through experience, through reasoning, and through a representation.

2. I hold that the mark of a genuine idea is that its possibility can be proved, either a priori by conceiving its cause or reason, or a posteriori when experience teaches us that it is in fact in nature.

3. I maintain also that substances, whether material or immaterial, cannot be conceived in their bare essence without any activity, activity being of the essence of substance in general.

4. The Monad, of which we shall here speak, is nothing but a simple substance, which enters into compounds. By ‘simple’ is meant ‘without parts’.

5. Now where there are no parts, there neither extension, nor shape, nor divisibility is possible. And these monads are the true atoms of nature and, in a word, the elements of things.

6. Thus it may be said that a Monad can only come into being or come to an end all at once; that is to say, it can come into being only by creation and come to an end only by annihilation, while that which is compound comes into being or comes to an end by parts.

7. There are also two kinds of truths, those of reasoning and those of fact. Truths of reasoning are necessary and their opposite is impossible: truths of fact are contingent and their opposite is possible. When a truth is necessary, its reason can be found by analysis, resolving it into more simple ideas and truths, until we come to those which are primary.

8. Indeed every monad must be different from every other. For there are never in nature two beings, which are precisely alike, and in which it is not possible to find some difference which is internal, or based on some intrinsic quality.

9. I also take it as granted that every created thing, and consequently the created monad also, is subject to change, and indeed that this change is continual in each one.

10. It follows from what we have just said, that the natural changes of monads come from an internal principle, since an external cause would be unable to influence their inner being.

11. When a truth is necessary, the reason for it can be found by analysis, that is, by resolving it into simpler ideas and truths until the primary ones are reached.

12. Finally there are simple ideas of which no definition can be given; there are also axioms or postulates, or in a word primary principles, which cannot be proved and have no need of proof.

13. I do not conceive of any reality at all as without genuine unity.

14. Love is felt as pleasure in the happiness of another person.

15. To love is to find pleasure in the happiness of others. Thus the habit of loving someone is nothing other than benevolence by which we want the good of others, not for the profit that we gain from it, but because it is agreeable to us in itself.

16. Charity is a general benevolence. And justice is charity in accordance with wisdom. … so that one does not do harm to someone without necessity, and that one does as much good as one can, but especially where it is best employed.

17. I am convinced that the unwritten knowledge scattered among men of different callings surpasses in quantity and in importance anything we find in books, and that the greater part of our wealth has yet to be recorded.

18. Although the whole of this life were said to be nothing but a dream and the physical world nothing but a phantasm, I should call this dream or phantasm real enough, if, using reason well, we were never deceived by it.

19. “The general knowledge of this great truth that God acts always in the most perfect and most desirable manner possible, is in my opinion the basis of the love which we owe to God in all things; for he who loves seeks his satisfaction in the felicity or perfection of the object loved and in the perfection of his actions.”

20. I do not believe that a world without evil, preferable in order to ours, is possible; otherwise it would have been preferred. It is necessary to believe that the mixture of evil has produced the greatest possible good: otherwise the evil would not have been permitted. The combination of all the tendencies to the good has produced the best; but as there are goods that are incompatible together, this combination and this result can introduce the destruction of some good, and as a result some evil.

21. This is the best of all possible worlds.

22. Moreover, it must be confessed that perception and that which depends upon it are inexplicable on mechanical grounds, that is to say, by means of figures and motions. And supposing there were a machine, so constructed as to think, feel, and have perception, it might be conceived as increased in size, while keeping the same proportions, so that one might go into it as into a mill. That being so, we should, on examining its interior, find only parts which work one upon another, and never anything by which to explain a perception. Thus it is in a simple substance, and not in a compound or in a machine, that perception must be sought for.

23. And as every present state of a simple substance is naturally a consequence of its preceding state, so its present is pregnant with its future.

24. I reply first that all things are created ex nihilo, not from preexisting matter at any moment whatever, for even matter itself is created; and it is of no consequence that some other things might have existed already in the past for in that case they would have been annihilated later.

25. Nothing can be taught us of which we have not already in our minds the idea. This idea is as it were the material out of which the thought will form itself.



COMMENTS on Quotations from Gottfried Leibniz

Leibniz’s statement This is the best of all possible worlds has been mocked for centuries. But, it has been known for a couple of millennia that whether this is the best or the worst of all possible worlds, this is the one we live with, and so a slightly more accurate statement would be, This is the best of all the worlds we have access to, and it does provide us with opportunities every moment we are alive and conscious, so participate and enjoy.

I hold that the mark of a genuine idea is that its possibility can be proved, either a priori by conceiving its cause or reason, or a posteriori when experience teaches us that it is in fact in nature. Leibniz’s method gives us two ways to search for ideas, but there is a third and that is to seek convergence of ideas coming to similar conclusions, but from what appear to be unrelated causes. These types of events can occur both in the realm of reason and of nature.


. . .

Philosophers Squared – Thomas Kuhn

14 Monday Oct 2013

Posted by probaway in Philosophers Squared

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Analytic philosophy, Paradigm shift, Philosophers Squared, Thomas Kuhn

Thomas Kuhn (1922 – 1996) was an American philosopher of science who introduced the term “paradigm shift”. The success of the paradigm… is at the start largely a promise of success.

Thomas Kuhn

Thomas Kuhn, philosopher of science

Sources for quotations: WikiQuotes, EGS, GoodReads, BrainyQuotes, TodayInScience,


Quotations from Thomas Kuhn

1. “Normal science” – the activity in which most scientists inevitably spend most all their time, is predicated on the assumption that the scientific community knows what the world is like. Normal science, often suppresses fundamental novelties because they are necessarily subversive of its basic commitments. As a puzzle-solving activity, normal science not aim at novelties of fact or theory and, when successful, finds none.

2. “Normal science” means research firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements, achievements that some particular scientific community acknowledges for a time as supplying the foundation for its further practice

3. And even when the apparatus exists, novelty ordinarily emerges only for the man who, knowing with precision what he should expect, is able to recognize that something has gone wrong.

4. Men whose research is based on shared paradigms are committed to the same rules and standards for scientific practice. That commitment and the apparent consensus it produces are prerequisites for normal science, i.e., for the genesis and continuation of a particular research tradition.

5. Scientists work from models acquired through education and through subsequent exposure to the literature often without quite knowing or needing to know what characteristics have given these models the status of community paradigms

6. If these out-of date beliefs are to be called myths, then myths can be produced by the same sorts of methods and held for the same sorts of reasons that now lead to scientific knowledge.

7. Observation and experience can and must drastically restrict the range of admissible scientific belief, else there would be no science. But they cannot alone determine a particular body of such belief. An apparently arbitrary element, compounded of personal and historical accident, is always a formative ingredient of the beliefs espoused by a given scientific community at a given time.

8. Perhaps science does not develop by the accumulation of individual discoveries and inventions.

9. Gravity, interpreted as an innate attraction between every pair of particles of matter, was an occult quality in the same sense as the scholastics’ “tendency to fall” had been.

10. Its assimilation requires the reconstruction of prior theory and re-evaluation of prior fact, an intrinsically revolutionary process that is seldom completed a single man and never overnight.

11. Newton’s three laws of motion are less a product of novel experiments than of the attempt to reinterpret well-known observations in terms of motions and interactions of primary neutral corpuscles.

12. Unable either to practice science without the Principia or to make that work conform to the corpuscular standards of the seventeenth century, scientists gradually accepted the view that gravity was indeed innate.

13.  To turn Karl [Popper]’s view on its head, it is precisely the abandonment of critical discourse that marks the transition of science. Once a field has made the transition, critical discourse recurs only at moments of crisis when the bases of the field are again in jeopardy. Only when they must choose between competing theories do scientists behave like philosophers.

14. Somehow, the practice of astronomy, physics, chemistry or biology normally fails to evoke the controversies over fundamentals that today seem endemic among, say, psychologists or sociologists. Attempting to discover the source of that difference led me to recognize the role in scientific research of what I have since called “paradigms.” These I take to be universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions for a community of practitioners.

15. Normal science, the puzzle-solving activity we have just examined, is a highly cumulative enterprise, eminently successful in its aim, the steady extension of the scope and precision of scientific knowledge.

16. [The] most fundamental aspect of the incommensurability of competing paradigms… is that “the proponents of competing paradigms practice their trades in different worlds.

17. In a sense that I am unable to explicate further, the proponents of competing paradigms practice their trades in different worlds. One contains constrained bodies that fall slowly, the other pendulums that repeat their motions again and again. In one, solutions are compounds, in the other mixtures. One is embedded in a flat, the other in a curved, matrix of space. Practicing in different worlds, the two groups of scientists see different things when they look from the same point in the same direction. Again, that is not to say that they can see anything they please. Both are looking at the world, and what they look at has not changed. But in some areas they see different things, and they see them in different relations one to the other. That is why a law that cannot even be demonstrated to one group of scientists may occasionally seem intuitively obvious to another.

18. As in political revolutions, so in paradigm choice—there is no standard higher than the assent of the relevant community… this issue of paradigm choice can never be unequivocally settled by logic and experiment alone.

19. Concerned to reconstruct past ideas, historians must approach the generation that held them as the anthropologist approaches an alien culture. They must, that is, be prepared at the start to find that natives speak a different language and map experience into different categories from those they themselves bring from home. And they must take as their object the discovery of those categories and the assimilation of the corresponding language.

20. Later scientific theories are better than earlier ones for solving puzzles in the often quite different environments to which they are applied. That is not a relativist’s position, and it displays the sense in which I am a convinced believer in scientific progress.

21. Scientific development depends in part on a process of non-incremental or revolutionary change. Some revolutions are large, like those associated with the names of Copernicus, Newton, or Darwin, but most are much smaller, like the discovery of oxygen or the planet Uranus. The usual prelude to changes of this sort is, I believed, the awareness of anomaly, of an occurrence or set of occurrences that does not fit existing ways of ordering phenomena. The changes that result therefore require ‘putting on a different kind of thinking-cap’, one that renders the anomalous lawlike but that, in the process, also transforms the order exhibited by some other phenomena, previously unproblematic.

22. The historian of science may be tempted to claim that when paradigms change, the world itself changes with them. Led by a new paradigm, scientists adopt new instruments and look in new places. even more important, during revolutions, scientists see new and different things when looking with familiar instruments in places they have looked before. It is rather as if the professional community had been suddenly transported to another planet where familiar objects are seen in a different light and are joined by unfamiliar ones as well.

23. The success of the paradigm… is at the start largely a promise of success … Normal science consists in the actualization of that promise… Mopping up operations are what engage most scientists throughout their careers. They constitute what I am here calling normal science… That enterprise seems an attempt to force nature into the preformed and relatively inflexible box that the paradigm supplies. No part of the aim of normal science is to call forth new sorts of phenomena; indeed those that will not fit the box are often not seen at all. Nor do scientists normally aim to invent new theories, and they are often intolerant of those invented by others.

24. We may… have to relinquish the notion, explicit or implicit, that changes of paradigm carry scientists and those who learn from them closer and closer to the truth… The developmental process described in this essay has been a process of evolution from primitive beginnings—a process whose successive stages are characterized by an increasingly detailed and refined understanding of nature. But nothing that has been or will be said makes it a process of evolution toward anything.


COMMENTS on Quotations from Thomas Kuhn

But nothing that has been or will be said makes it a process of evolution toward anything. Kuhn’s statement seems to contradict the great quests which self-conscious scientists pursue. How does reality work? Are there laws of behavior which can be discovered? If there are laws, how can we discover them? And of course scientists seek answers to the basic philosophical questions – Where did we and our world come from? What is our destiny? What should I do now?

Kuhn mentions evolution as not having a goal, but of course it always has a non-conscious immediate goal, to survive. Not a mentally self-conscious goal, as that is only available to humans some of the time, but an instantaneous goal; a drop of water falling from the sky is at every instant responding to the forces acting on it. The goal is always to be responding to the forces of the moment, and in a positive feedback system, like the evolution of life forms. That means evolution proceeds, at least until something terminates it.

The success of the paradigm… is at the start largely a promise of success … Normal science consists in the actualization of that promise… Mopping up operations are what engage most scientists throughout their careers. That statement implies that very few people calling themselves scientists are doing the creative work of seeking answers outside of their specialized community-imposed box. Because of this stovepiping of parallel but related ideas and the consequent narrowness of individual research, here exists a tremendous potential for finding underlying basic ideas. It’s a form of convergent evolution which can be found by a google search identifying the different vocabulary in different fields covering the same basic idea. Once a single convergent pair is found it becomes more likely that there will be others in other stovepiped research fields and in life forms. Wherever convergence of separate cyclic entities is observed there will be a definable underlying process. The power of finding these convergent ideas is that, because of stovepiping, there are probably other fields where the idea hasn’t been discovered yet and which would instantly benefit from the idea being applied. This convergent evolution of ideas concept needs a specialized search term so that it may be easily googled, and it needs a university-level department to specialize in these types of universe-wide searches. 


. . .

Philosophers Squared – John Maynard Keynes

13 Sunday Oct 2013

Posted by probaway in Philosophers Squared

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John Maynard Keynes, Macroeconomics, Modern economics, Philosophers Squared

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John Maynard Keynes (1883 – 1946) was the English founder of the theory of modern governmental economic behaviors. The political problem of mankind is to combine three things: economic efficiency, social justice and individual liberty.

John Maynard Keynes

John Maynard Keynes, philosopher of modern economics

Sources for quotes: WikiQuotes, GoodReads, BrainyQuotes,


Quotations from John Maynard Keynes

1. When the facts change, I change my mind. What do you do, sir?

2. But this long run is a misleading guide to current affairs. In the long run we are all dead. Economists set themselves too easy, too useless a task if in tempestuous seasons they can only tell us that when the storm is long past the ocean is flat again.

3. Capitalism is the astounding belief that the most wickedest of men will do the most wickedest of things for the greatest good of everyone.

4. If you owe your bank a hundred pounds, you have a problem. But if you owe a million, it has.

5. It is better to be roughly right than precisely wrong.

6. But my lord, when we addressed this issue a few years ago, didn’t you argue the other side?” He said, “That’s true, but when I get more evidence I sometimes change my mind. What do you do?

7. When somebody persuades me I am wrong, I change my mind.

8. There is no harm in being sometimes wrong — especially if one is promptly found out.

9. Ideas shape the course of history.

10. Words ought to be a little wild for they are the assault of thoughts on the unthinking.

11. A study of the history of opinion is a necessary preliminary to the emancipation of the mind.

12. Education: the inculcation of the incomprehensible into the indifferent by the incompetent.

13. Newton was not the first of the age of reason. He was the last of the magicians, the last of the Babylonians and Sumerians, the last great mind that looked out on the visible and intellectual world with the same eyes as those who began to build our intellectual inheritance rather less than 10,000 years ago.

14. The avoidance of taxes is the only intellectual pursuit that carries any reward.

15. So it is not an accident that the Nazi lads vent a particular fury against (Einstein). He does truly stand for what they most dislike, the opposite of the blond beast intellectualist, individualist, supernationalist, pacifist, inky, plump… How should they know the glory of the free-ranging intellect and soft objective sympathy to whom money and violence, drink and blood and pomp, mean absolutely nothing?

16. Markets can remain irrational longer than you can remain solvent.

17. The political problem of mankind is to combine three things: economic efficiency, social justice and individual liberty.

18. How can I accept the Communist doctrine, which sets up as its bible, above and beyond criticism, an obsolete textbook which I know not only to be scientifically erroneous but without interest or application to the modern world? How can I adopt a creed which, preferring the mud to the fish, exalts the boorish proletariat above the bourgeoisie and the intelligentsia, who with all their faults, are the quality of life and surely carry the seeds of all human achievement? Even if we need a religion, how can we find it in the turbid rubbish of the red bookshop? It is hard for an educated, decent, intelligent son of Western Europe to find his ideals here, unless he has first suffered some strange and horrid process of conversion which has changed all his values.

19. How long will it be necessary to pay City men so entirely out of proportion to what other servants of society commonly receive for performing social services not less useful or difficult?

20. I cannot leave this subject as though its just treatment wholly depended either on our own pledges or economic facts. The policy of reducing Germany to servitude for a generation, of degrading the lives of millions of human beings, and of depriving a whole nation of happiness should be abhorrent and detestable, – abhorrent and detestable, even if it were possible, even if it enriched ourselves, even if it did not sow the decay of the whole civilized life of Europe. Some preach it in the name of Justice. In the great events of man’s history, in the unwinding of the complex fates of nations Justice is not so simple. And if it were, nations are not authorized, by religion or by natural morals, to visit on the children of their enemies the misdoings of parents of rulers.

21. The businessman is only tolerable so long as his gains can be held to bear some relation to what, roughly and in some sense, his activities have contributed to society

22. When the final result is expected to be a compromise, it is often prudent to start from an extreme position.

23. The decadent international but individualistic capitalism in the hands of which we found ourselves after the war is not a success. It is not intelligent. It is not beautiful. It is not just. It is not virtuous. And it doesn’t deliver the goods.

24. Worldly wisdom teaches that it is better for reputation to fail conventionally than to succeed unconventionally.

25. Too large a proportion of recent “mathematical” economics are mere concoctions, as imprecise as the initial assumptions they rest on, which allow the author to lose sight of the complexities and interdependencies of the real world in a maze of pretentious and unhelpful symbols.

26. This [depression 1930] is a nightmare, which will pass away with the morning. For the resources of nature and men’s devices are just as fertile and productive as they were. The rate of our progress towards solving the material problems of life is not less rapid. We are as capable as before of affording for everyone a high standard of life … and will soon learn to afford a standard higher still. We were not previously deceived. But to-day we have involved ourselves in a colossal muddle, having blundered in the control of a delicate machine, the working of which we do not understand. The result is that our possibilities of wealth may run to waste for a time — perhaps for a long time.

27. When the accumulation of wealth is no longer of high social importance, there will be great changes in the code of morals. We shall be able to rid ourselves of many of the pseudo-moral principles which have hag-ridden us for two hundred years, by which we have exalted some of the most distasteful of human qualities into the position of the highest virtues. We shall be able to afford to dare to assess the money-motive at its true value. The love of money as a possession — as distinguished from the love of money as a means to the enjoyments and realities of life — will be recognized for what it is, a somewhat disgusting morbidity, one of those semi-criminal, semi-pathological propensities which one hands over with a shudder to the specialists in mental disease … But beware! The time for all this is not yet. For at least another hundred years we must pretend to ourselves and to everyone that fair is foul and foul is fair; for foul is useful and fair is not. Avarice and usury and precaution must be our gods for a little longer still. For only they can lead us out of the tunnel of economic necessity into daylight.

28. Most men love money and security more, and creation and construction less, as they get older.

29. To our generation Einstein has been made to become a double symbol — a symbol of the mind travelling in the cold regions of space, and a symbol of the brave and generous outcast, pure in heart and cheerful of spirit.

30. The power to become habituated to his surroundings is a marked characteristic of mankind.

31. The disruptive powers of excessive national fecundity may have played a greater part in bursting the bonds of convention then either the power of ideas or the errors of autocracy.

32. The duty of “saving” became nine-tenths of virtue and the growth of the cake the object of true religion.

33. By a continuing process of inflation, governments can confiscate, secretly and unobserved, an important part of the wealth of their citizens.

34. There is no subtler, no surer means of overturning the existing basis of society than to debauch the currency. The process engages all the hidden forces of economic law on the side of destruction, and does it in a manner which not one man in a million is able to diagnose.

35. To see the British Prime Minister watching the company, with six or seven senses not available to ordinary men, judging character, motive, and subconscious impulse, perceiving what each was thinking and even what each was going to say next, and compounding with telepathic instinct the argument or appeal best suited to the vanity, weakness, or self-interest of his immediate auditor, was to realize that the poor President would be playing blind man’s bluff in that party.

36. All the political parties alike have their origins in past ideas and not in new ideas — and none more conspicuously so than the Marxists.

37. Logic, like lyrical poetry, is no employment for the middle-aged,

38. I don’t feel the least humble before the vastness of the heavens.

39. The difficulty lies, not in the new ideas, but in escaping from the old ones, which ramify, for those brought up as most of us have been, into every corner of our minds.

40. All production is for the purpose of ultimately satisfying a consumer.

41. Professional investment may be likened to those newspaper competitions in which the competitors have to pick out the six prettiest faces from a hundred photographs, the prize being awarded to the competitor whose choice most nearly corresponds to the average preferences of the competitors as a whole.

42. The ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed the world is ruled by little else. Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influence, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist. Madmen in authority, who hear voices in the air, are distilling their frenzy from some academic scribbler of a few years back. I am sure that the power of vested interests is vastly exaggerated compared with the gradual encroachment of ideas.

43. Successful investing is anticipating the anticipations of others.

44. When the capital development of a country becomes a by-product of the activities of a casino, the job is likely to be ill-done

45. A study of the history of opinion is a necessary preliminary to the emancipation of the mind.


COMMENTS on the Quotations from John Maynard Keynes

The ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed, the world is ruled by little else. Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influences, are usually slaves of some defunct economist. Catching ideas is like catching and entering the right wave at the right time when surfing. It requires the observation, to be in the right position at the right time and then giving total commitment with the right entry.

It is better to be roughly right than precisely wrong. Sometimes this is right and sometimes it is wrong, and requires wisdom to choose consistently the right option.
The political problem of mankind is to combine three things: economic efficiency, social justice and individual liberty. The controllers of the market concentrate on efficiency, the workers think in terms of social justice, and creative intellectuals think in terms of individual liberty.

But beware! The time for all this is not yet. For at least another hundred years we must pretend to ourselves and to everyone that fair is foul and foul is fair; for foul is useful and fair is not. Avarice and usury and precaution must be our gods for a little longer still. It is approaching a hundred years since Keynes wrote that statement, and we have more individual wealth at all levels, but we appear to be even further from living tranquil lives.

To our generation Einstein has been made to become a double symbol — a symbol of the mind travelling in the cold regions of space, and a symbol of the brave and generous outcast, pure in heart and cheerful of spirit. Before this statement, Einstein was a close friend of Fritz Haber, the man who invented the war gasses of WWI, and shortly after it Einstein co-wrote with Szilard the letter to President Roosevelt which initiated the atomic bomb project. Thus, the two most horrible weapons of the 20th century are closely associated with Einstein, and it is nonsense to label him a pacifist.

The power to become habituated to his surroundings is a marked characteristic of mankind. Of course it is our power of language and communicating how to thrive in an environment that permits our successful adaptation to various difficult surroundings.

The disruptive powers of excessive national fecundity may have played a greater part in bursting the bonds of convention then either the power of ideas or the errors of autocracy. The Malthusian observation of human population expanding to the food supply is still in play, but our technology is still ahead of the growth. This has been acknowledged, but also to be acknowledged is that it can’t continue much longer.

To see the British Prime Minister watching the company [President Wilson], with six or seven senses not available to ordinary men, judging character, motive, and subconscious impulse, perceiving what each was thinking and even what each was going to say next, and compounding with telepathic instinct the argument or appeal best suited to the vanity, weakness, or self-interest of his immediate auditor, was to realize that the poor President would be playing blind man’s bluff in that party. This was written when Britain was still considered master of the world, and her departed offspring an upstart. The Americans must have done something right, because twenty years later, at the end of WWII, the US was the unchallenged master. All the same, I would grant the British leadership are masters of the senses not available to ordinary men.

I don’t feel the least humble before the vastness of the heavens. Why should he feel humbled by mere matter and empty space when he and his friends are the thinking masters over all before them, including all other men, even the President of the United States?


. . .

Philosophers Squared – Carl Jung

12 Saturday Oct 2013

Posted by probaway in Philosophers Squared

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Analytical psychology, Carl Jung, Philosophers Squared

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Carl Jung (1875 – 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology. Until you make the unconscious conscious, it will direct your life and you will call it fate.

Carl_Jung

Carl Jung, philosopher of analytical psychology.

Sources of quotations: WikiQuotes, GoodReads, QuotationsPage, BrainyQuote, AlteringPerspectives,


Quotations from Carl Jung

1. An understanding heart is everything in a teacher, and cannot be esteemed highly enough. One looks back with appreciation to the brilliant teachers, but with gratitude to those who touched our human feeling. The curriculum is so much necessary raw material, but warmth is the vital element for the growing plant and for the soul of the child.

2. The little world of childhood with its familiar surroundings is a model of the greater world. The more intensively the family has stamped its character upon the child, the more it will tend to feel and see its earlier miniature world again in the bigger world of adult life. Naturally this is not a conscious, intellectual process.

3. If there is anything that we wish to change in the child, we should first examine it and see whether it is not something that could better be changed in ourselves.

4. Nothing has a stronger influence psychologically on their environment and especially on their children than the unlived life of the parent.

5. Every form of addiction is bad, no matter whether the narcotic be alcohol, morphine or idealism.

6. I am not what happened to me, I am what I choose to become.

7. You are what you do, not what you say you’ll do.

8. Nobody, as long as he moves about among the chaotic currents of life, is without trouble.

9. The creation of something new is not accomplished by the intellect but by the play instinct acting from inner necessity. The creative mind plays with the objects it loves.

10. Where love rules, there is no will to power, and where power predominates, love is lacking. The one is the shadow of the other.

11. The healthy man does not torture others – generally it is the tortured who turn into torturers.

12. The meeting of two personalities is like the contact of two chemical substances: if there is any reaction, both are transformed.

13. The shoe that fits one person pinches another; there is no recipe for living that suits all cases.

14. We cannot change anything unless we accept it. Condemnation does not liberate, it oppresses.

15. As far as we can discern, the sole purpose of human existence is to kindle a light in the darkness of mere being.

16. The dream is the small hidden door in the deepest and most intimate sanctum of the soul, which opens to that primeval cosmic night that was soul long before there was conscious ego and will be soul far beyond what a conscious ego could ever reach.

17. This whole creation is essentially subjective, and the dream is the theater where the dreamer is at once scene, actor, prompter, stage manager, author, audience, and critic.

18. Emotion is the chief source of all becoming-conscious. There can be no transforming of darkness into light and of apathy into movement without emotion.

19. No nation keeps its word. A nation is a big, blind worm, following what? Fate perhaps. A nation has no honour, it has no word to keep. … Hitler is himself the nation. That incidentally is why Hitler always has to talk so loud, even in private conversation — because he is speaking with 78 million voices.

20. No one can flatter himself that he is immune to the spirit of his own epoch, or even that he possesses a full understanding of it. Irrespective of our conscious convictions, each one of us, without exception, being a particle of the general mass, is somewhere attached to, colored by, or even undermined by the spirit which goes through the mass. Freedom stretches only as far as the limits of our consciousness.

21. We are so captivated by and entangled in our subjective consciousness that we have forgotten the age-old fact that God speaks chiefly through dreams and visions.

22. Our blight is ideologies — they are the long-expected Antichrist!

23. One of the most difficult tasks men can perform, however much others may despise it, is the invention of good games and it cannot be done by men out of touch with their instinctive selves.

24. Any theory based on experience is necessarily statistical; that is to say, it formulates an ideal average which abolishes all exceptions at either end of the scale and replaces them by an abstract mean.

25. The bigger the crowd, the more negligible the individual.

26. You can take away a man’s gods, but only to give him others in return.

27. We are living in what the Greeks called the right time for a “metamorphosis of the gods,” i.e. of the fundamental principles and symbols. This peculiarity of our time, which is certainly not of our conscious choosing, is the expression of the unconscious man within us who is changing. Coming generations will have to take account of this momentous transformation if humanity is not to destroy itself through the might of its own technology and science.

28. Without this playing with fantasy no creative work has ever yet come to birth. The debt we owe to the play of imagination is incalculable.

29. For it all depends on how we look at things, and not on how they are in themselves. The least of things with a meaning is worth more in life than the greatest of things without it.

30. The great decisions of human life have as a rule far more to do with the instincts and other mysterious unconscious factors than with conscious will and well-meaning reasonableness.

31. Even a happy life cannot be without a measure of darkness, and the word happy would lose its meaning if it were not balanced by sadness. It is far better take things as they come along with patience and equanimity.

32. No psychic value can disappear without being replaced by another of equivalent intensity.

33. A more or less superficial layer of the unconscious is undoubtedly personal. I call it the “personal unconscious”. But this personal layer rests upon a deeper layer, which does not derive from personal experience and is not a personal acquisition but is inborn. This deeper layer I call the “collective unconscious”. I have chosen the term “collective” because this part of the unconscious is not individual but universal; in contrast to the personal psyche, it has contents and modes of behaviour that are more or less the same everywhere and in all individuals.

34. Whereas the personal unconscious consists for the most part of “complexes”, the content of the collective unconscious is made up essentially of “archetypes”. The concept of the archetype, which is an indispensable correlate of the idea of the collective unconscious, indicates the existence of definite forms in the psyche which seem to be present always and everywhere.

35. Until you make the unconscious conscious, it will direct your life and you will call it fate.

36. We cannot imagine events that are connected non-causally and are capable of a non-causal explanation. But that does not mean that such events do not exist.

37. Naturally, every age thinks that all ages before it were prejudiced, and today we think this more than ever and are just as wrong as all previous ages that thought so. How often have we not seen the truth condemned!

38. It is sad but unfortunately true that man learns nothing from history.

39. An ancient Spartan proverb inscribed on Jung’s tomb. Called or uncalled, God will be present.

40. Everything that irritates us about others can lead us to an understanding of ourselves.

41. Knowing your own darkness is the best method for dealing with the darknesses of other people.

42. Every form of addiction is bad, no matter whether the narcotic be alcohol or morphine or idealism.

43. There is no coming to consciousness without pain.

44. The healthy man does not torture others – generally it is the tortured who turn into torturers.

45 The man who promises everything is sure to fulfill nothing, and everyone who promises too much is in danger of using evil means in order to carry out his promises, and is already on the road to perdition.

46. All the works of man have their origin in creative fantasy. What right have we then to depreciate imagination.

47. When an inner situation is not made conscious, it appears outside as fate.

48. It all depends on how we look at things, and not how they are in themselves.

49. The creation of something new is not accomplished by the intellect but by the play instinct acting from inner necessity. The creative mind plays with the objects it loves.

50. We should not pretend to understand the world only by the intellect. The judgment of the intellect is only part of the truth.

51. We deem those happy who from the experience of life have learnt to bear its ills without being overcome by them.

52. If one does not understand a person, one tends to regard him as a fool.

53. The most intense conflicts, if overcome, leave behind a sense of security and calm that is not easily disturbed. It is just these intense conflicts and their conflagration which are needed to produce valuable and lasting results.

54. It is a fact that cannot be denied: the wickedness of others becomes our own wickedness because it kindles something evil in our own hearts.

55. The greatest and most important problems of life are all fundamentally insoluble. They can never be solved but only outgrown.

56. The conscious mind allows itself to be trained like a parrot, but the unconscious does not—which is why St. Augustine thanked God for not making him responsible for his dreams.

57. Knowledge rests not upon truth alone, but upon error also.

58. The pendulum of the mind oscillates between sense and nonsense, not between right and wrong.

59. Neurosis is always a substitute for legitimate suffering.

60. Wherever an inferiority complex exists, there is a good reason for it.
of mere being.

61. As far as we can discern, the sole purpose of human existence is to kindle a light in the darkness.


COMMENTS on quotations from Carl Jung

It all depends on how we look at things, and not how they are in themselves. This is at the heart of the Stoic philosophy, and the ancients developed techniques for dealing with these ideas and not just making general observations about them. It is the action that changes things, and not observation. Habits can be changed by intentional preplanned and practiced actions that are intended to be made in response to expected observable situations.

The creation of something new is not accomplished by the intellect but by the play instinct acting from inner necessity. The creative mind plays with the objects it loves. Jung comes closer, with this statement, to learning effective action, and my suggestion would be to create and recommend specific games for coping with the various problems expected to be encountered in the future.

We should not pretend to understand the world only by the intellect. The judgment of the intellect is only part of the truth. The intellect guides us to choose those things to which we should pay close attention. It helps us decide what to do, but it is the doing of the recommended actions which is the point of all the study and preparation and forethought. You are what you do, not what you say you’ll do. Saying what you will do clarifies your intent, but the doing accomplishes the action, and sets in place the potential for creating a consistent habit.

If one does not understand a person, one tends to regard him as a fool. The response to this is to seek carefully the reasons for a persons action’s, and to make one’s own actions and statements easy to understand.

The most intense conflicts, if overcome, leave behind a sense of security and calm that is not easily disturbed. It is just these intense conflicts and their conflagration which are needed to produce valuable and lasting results. I would expect these results would be mostly negative, unless they are carefully reviewed and one’s memories are carefully adjusted into making them positive. What Jung is suggesting sounds like a process for creating PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), and that is to be intentionally avoided.

It is a fact that cannot be denied: the wickedness of others becomes our own wickedness because it kindles something evil in our own hearts. Observing wickedness makes it easier to behave in wicked ways, but training oneself into a habit of behaving in helpful ways overcomes some of this tendency toward evil acts.

The greatest and most important problems of life are all fundamentally insoluble. They can never be solved but only outgrown. The more I read Jung the more his writings seem distorted by a pain-driven inner core. A painful childhood can be overridden by personal self-correction, as did Richard Rhodes.

We cannot imagine events that are connected non-causally and are capable of a non-causal explanation. But that does not mean that such events do not exist. I am thinking here of a convergent evolution concept which possesses a deeper cause than the immediate forcing factors upon an individual, but which is discoverable and can be stated clearly, perhaps as a law.

Knowledge rests not upon truth alone, but upon error also. This is a valid statement only so long as error is recognized. When errors of fact are incorporated into behavior as true they will occasionally generate improper actions. Mistakes are, after all, the foundations of truth, and if a man does not know what a thing is, it is at least an increase in knowledge if he knows what it is not.

Every form of addiction is bad, no matter whether the narcotic be alcohol or morphine or idealism. Where does addiction end and well-formed habits begin? I would say that good habits are learned to help approach a well-considered end goal, and that addictions are habits formed to cover over existing unresolved pain.

Neurosis is always a substitute for legitimate suffering. The problem with neurosis is that it becomes chronic and is slow to resolve itself, and thus an original pain might more appropriately be suffered and adapted to, instead of suppressed only to return and exhibit itself as a distorted personal reality.

Until you make the unconscious conscious, it will direct your life and you will call it fate. The unconscious is vast, and our introspection can reveal only a few aspects of it, and yet, we can direct that vast reservoir with our occasional conscious decisions and intentional creation of habits.

It is sad but unfortunately true that man learns nothing from history. It is true that humans are slow to learn, but we do learn, and eventually we do apply our learning.


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Philosophers Squared – Edmund Husserl

11 Friday Oct 2013

Posted by probaway in Philosophers Squared

≈ 10 Comments

Tags

Edmund Husserl, German philosophy, Phenomenology, Philosophers Squared

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Edmund Husserl (1859 – 1938) was an Austrian philosopher and founder of the school of phenomenology. Philosophers, as things now stand, are all too fond of offering criticism from on high instead of studying and understanding things from within.

Edmund Husserl

Edmund Husserl, philosopher of phenomenology

Sources of quotations: WikiQuotes, EGS, GoodReads, BrainyQuotes,


Quotations from Edmund Husserl

1. First, anyone who seriously intends to become a philosopher must “once in his life” withdraw into himself and attempt, within himself, to overthrow and build anew all the sciences that, up to then, he has been accepting.

2. Experience by itself is not science.

3. We would be in a nasty position indeed if empirical science were the only kind of science possible.

4. If all consciousness is subject to essential laws in a manner similar to that in which spatial reality is subject to mathematical laws, then these essential laws will be of most fertile significance in investigating facts of the conscious life of human and brute animals.

5. Along that way we now intend to walk together. In a quasi-Cartesian fashion we intend, as radically beginning philosophers, to carry out meditations with the utmost critical precaution and a readiness for any even the most far-reaching transformation of the old-Cartesian meditations. Seductive aberrations, into which Descartes and later thinkers strayed, will have to be clarified and avoided as we pursue our course.

6. There is a science of numbers, a science of spatial figures, of animal species etc., but there are no special sciences of prime numbers, of trapezia, or of lions, nor of all three taken together.

7. In all the areas within which the spiritual life of humanity is at work, the historical epoch wherein fate has placed us is an epoch of stupendous happenings.

8. Natural objects, for example, must be experienced before any theorizing about them can occur. Experiencing is consciousness that intuits something and values it to be actual; experiencing is intrinsically characterized as consciousness of the natural object in question and of it as the original: there is consciousness of the original as being there “in person.”

9. Psychologically experienced consciousness is therefore no longer pure consciousness; construed Objectively in this way, consciousness itself becomes something transcendent, becomes an event in that spatial world which appears, by virtue of consciousness, to be transcendent.

10. Something similar is still true of the courses followed by manifold intuitions which together make up the unity of one continuous consciousness of one and the same object.

11. The actuality of all of material Nature is therefore kept out of action and that of all corporeality along with it, including the actuality of my body, the body of the cognizing subject.

12. The ideal of a pure phenomenology will be perfected only by answering this question; pure phenomenology is to be separated sharply from psychology at large and, specifically, from the descriptive psychology of the phenomena of consciousness.

13. To every object there correspond an ideally closed system of truths that are true of it and, on the other hand, an ideal system of possible cognitive processes by virtue of which the object and the truths about it would be given to any cognitive subject.

14. In a few decades of reconstruction, even the mathematical natural sciences, the ancient archetypes of theoretical perfection, have changed habit completely!

15. What is thematically posited is only what is given, by pure reflection, with all its immanent essential moments absolutely as it is given to pure reflection.

16. Within this widest concept of object, and specifically within the concept of individual object, Objects and phenomena stand in contrast with each other.

17. Without troublesome work, no one can have any concrete, full idea of what pure mathematical research is like or of the profusion of insights that can be obtained from it.

18. Pure phenomenology claims to be the science of pure phenomena. This concept of the phenomenon, which was developed under various names as early as the eighteenth century without being clarified, is what we shall have to deal with first of all.

19. Philosophers, as things now stand, are all too fond of offering criticism from on high instead of studying and understanding things from within.

20. It just is nothing foreign to consciousness at all that could present itself to consciousness through the mediation of phenomena different from the liking itself; to like is intrinsically to be conscious.

21. At the lowest cognitive level, they are processes of experiencing, or, to speak more generally, processes of intuiting that grasp the object in the original.

22. To begin with, we put the proposition: pure phenomenology is the science of pure consciousness.

23. Most recently, the need for an utterly original philosophy has re — emerged, the need of a philosophy that – in contrast to the secondary productivity of renaissance philosophies – seeks by radically clarifying the sense and the motifs of philosophical problems to penetrate to that primal ground on whose basis those problems must find whatever solution is genuinely scientific.

24. The concept “phenomenon” carries over, furthermore, to the changing modes of being conscious of something — for example, the clear and the obscure, evident and blind modes in which one and the same relation or connection, one and the same state — of — affairs, one and the same logical coherency, etc., can be given to consciousness.

25. This places two separate sciences in the sharpest of contrasts: on the one hand, phenomenology, the science of consciousness as it is in itself; on the other, the sciences of things — out — there as a totality.

26. […] the existence of what is given to immanent reflection is indubitable while what is experienced through external experience always allows the possibility that it may prove to be an illusory Object in the course of further experiences.

27. It is to this world that our judgments refer. We make statements – sometimes singular, sometimes general – about things: their relations, their alterations, their functional dependencies and laws of transformation. Thus we find expression for what presents itself in direct experience. Following up on motives provided by experience itself, we infer from what is directly experienced in perception and memory to what is not experienced; we generalize; we apply in turn general knowledge to particular cases, or, in analytical thought, deduce new generalizations from general knowledge. Pieces of knowledge do not follow upon one another as a matter of mere succession. Rather, they enter into logical relations with each other, they follow from each other, they “agree” with each other, they confirm each other, thereby strengthening their logical power.

28. This is how positive knowledge makes progress. It takes possession, to an ever greater degree, of a reality that simply exists and is given as a matter of course by examining it more closely with respect to its extent, its content, its elements, relations, and laws.

29. […]we want to busy ourselves with the basic problems of a general phenomenology of consciousness. We want to study the basic constitution of consciousness as such in its chief features.

30. I must achieve internal consistency.


COMMENTS on Quotations from Edmund Husserl

It may be my personal limitations, but I have trouble deriving anything useful from Husserl’s throwing out the solid and testable wisdom of the Western world, and reverting to self-observation as being the only thoughts worthy of observation. I now add Husserl into my growing list of the Philosophers of Endarkenment – Derrida, Gadamer, Heidegger, Husserl, Levinas. My assessment is based on very little reading of these folks, because I just can’t endure their way of thinking, and I now have a personal justification for this attitude, The Law of the Personal Imperative – Avoid everything that might harm your body or mind. When reading these philosophers I, and I suspect everyone else who reads them, get tangled in the twisted words and muddied concepts. Slogging through that might be pleasurable for some people, but it has the corrupting effect of impeding productive action.

My recent inclinations have trended away from studies which are not goal-directed, aimed at some level to solving problems which have the potential for enhancing life in general, and human life in particular. I welcome comments which will give clear examples where these Philosophers of Endarkenment’s statements aid humanity to a longer and healthier existence. There undoubtedly must be some, and I do respect their efforts to find truth, and will defend their right to publish them for all to read, but I also respect other people’s right to ignore them after personally observing that the ideas presented impede their personal positive actions.

Without troublesome work, no one can have any concrete, full idea of what pure mathematical research is like or of the profusion of insights that can be obtained from it. This may well be true, you must know mathematics to do philosophy, but of course that means only a handful of people can legitimately discuss philosophy. Those of us who find his philosophy, and that of Heidegger and Derrida too, as precariously close to a tangled word-salad, can be condemned by them as ignorant fools. I side with that mathematician Albert Einstein who claimed his profound insights could be explained to a normal child.

Natural objects, for example, must be experienced before any theorizing about them can occur. I haven’t experienced the recently discovered Higgs Boson, and I find it difficult to believe any of the researchers working on it has the slightest direct personal experience that Husserl demands. Modern man has extended his sense perception many orders of magnitude beyond our natural ability for experience, and ordinary people have no difficulty in understanding what is happening, when it is explained and demonstrated clearly. The search for the Higgs and many other things is driven by theory.


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Philosophers Squared – Christopher Hitchens

10 Thursday Oct 2013

Posted by probaway in Philosophers Squared

≈ 7 Comments

Tags

Atheism, Christopher Hitchens, Philosophers Squared

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Christopher Hitchens – (1949 – 2011) was a British/American leftist journalist, author, anti-totalitarian and popularizer of anti-theism. Human decency is not derived from religion. It precedes it. 

Christopher Hitchens

Christopher Hitchens, philosopher of the persuading non-theist left

Sources for quotations: WikiQuotes, GoodReads, EGS, BrainyQuotes, Patheos; YouTube – watch all 8 videos


Quotations from Christopher Hitchens

1. Human decency is not derived from religion. It precedes it. 

2. Forgotten were the elementary rules of logic, that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence and that what can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence.

3. What can be asserted without proof can be dismissed without proof.

4. Terrorism is the tactic of demanding the impossible, and demanding it at gunpoint.

5. The only position that leaves me with no cognitive dissonance is atheism. It is not a creed. Death is certain, replacing both the siren-song of Paradise and the dread of Hell. Life on this earth, with all its mystery and beauty and pain, is then to be lived far more intensely: we stumble and get up, we are sad, confident, insecure, feel loneliness and joy and love. There is nothing more; but I want nothing more.

6. By trying to adjust to the findings that it once tried so viciously to ban and repress, religion has only succeeded in restating the same questions that undermined it in earlier epochs. What kind of designer or creator is so wasteful and capricious and approximate? What kind of designer or creator is so cruel and indifferent? And—most of all—what kind of designer or creator only chooses to “reveal” himself to semi-stupefied peasants in desert regions?

7. Religion comes from the period of human prehistory where nobody—not even the mighty Democritus who concluded that all matter was made from atoms—had the smallest idea what was going on. It comes from the bawling and fearful infancy of our species, and is a babyish attempt to meet our inescapable demand for knowledge (as well as for comfort, reassurance, and other infantile needs). Today the least educated of my children knows much more about the natural order than any of the founders of religion.

8. Our belief is not a belief. Our principles are not a faith. We do not rely solely upon science and reason, because these are necessary rather than sufficient factors, but we distrust anything that contradicts science or outrages reason. We may differ on many things, but what we respect is free inquiry, openmindedness, and the pursuit of ideas for their own sake.

9. If religious instruction were not allowed until the child had attained the age of reason, we would be living in a quite different world.

10. I try to deny myself any illusions or delusions, and I think that this perhaps entitles me to try and deny the same to others, at least as long as they refuse to keep their fantasies to themselves.

11. Faith is the surrender of the mind; it’s the surrender of reason, it’s the surrender of the only thing that makes us different from other mammals. It’s our need to believe, and to surrender our skepticism and our reason, our yearning to discard that and put all our trust or faith in someone or something, that is the sinister thing to me. Of all the supposed virtues, faith must be the most overrated.

12. Name me an ethical statement made or an action performed by a believer that could not have been made or performed by a non-believer.

13. Take the risk of thinking for yourself, much more happiness, truth, beauty, and wisdom will come to you that way.

14. Beware the irrational, however seductive. Shun the ‘transcendent’ and all who invite you to subordinate or annihilate yourself. Distrust compassion; prefer dignity for yourself and others. Don’t be afraid to be thought arrogant or selfish. Picture all experts as if they were mammals. Never be a spectator of unfairness or stupidity. Seek out argument and disputation for their own sake; the grave will supply plenty of time for silence. Suspect your own motives, and all excuses. Do not live for others any more than you would expect others to live for you.

15. MT [ Mother Teresa ] was not a friend of the poor. She was a friend of poverty. She said that suffering was a gift from God. She spent her life opposing the only known cure for poverty, which is the empowerment of women and the emancipation of them from a livestock version of compulsory reproduction.

16. If all religions died out, or were admitted to be false, all of our problems would be exactly what they are now: How do we live with one another? Where, indeed, do morals and ethics come from? What are our duties to one another? How shall we build the just city? How shall we practice love? All these questions would remain exactly the same. Emancipate yourself from the idea of a celestial dictatorship and you’ve taken the first step to becoming free.

17. The only real radicalism in our time will come as it always has — from people who insist on thinking for themselves and who reject party-mindedness.

18. The enormous dynamic and creative, as well as destructive energy of capitalism… is written up with more praise and more respect by Marx and Engels in the 1848 Communist Manifesto than probably by anyone since. I don’t think anyone has ever said so precisely and with such awed admiration how great capitalism is, how inventive, how innovative, how dynamic, how much force of creativity it unleashes.

19. It [Obama’s Nobel peace prize] would be like giving someone an Oscar in the hope that it would encourage them to make a decent motion picture.

20. Is there anything that is forbidden to anybody who says they have God on their side? Who says they have God with them? Is there any evil that they forbid themselves to do?

21. I shall simply say that those who offer false consolation are false friends.

22. Atheists have always argued that this world is all that we have, and that our duty is to one another to make the very most and best of it.

23. Religious exhortation and telling people, telling children, that if they don’t do the right thing, they’ll go to terrifying punishments or unbelievable rewards, that’s making a living out of lying to children. That’s what the priesthood do. And if all they did was lie to the children, it would be bad enough. But they rape them and torture them and then hope we’ll call it ‘abuse’.

24. There is not a single world religion which doesn’t hold women in contempt. Even Buddha was apparently born from a slit in his mother’s side, anything but the filth and disgust of having to contemplate the female reproductive system. Yet again, anything but the vagina. Disgust for females, contempt for females, revulsion from menstrual blood and the female reproductive system. What could be more obviously man-made than this, and made in a barbaric period even in the history of the male sex?


COMMENTS on Christopher Hitchens quotations

Human decency is not derived from religion. It precedes it. Many philosophers and others have made similar statements but they have missed why the statement is valid. The underlying reason could not have been known before evolutionary theory was in place, but with the observation of the power of repeated selection placed on a living system, it becomes clear that humans are decent and learn morality easily because our ancestors valued these qualities and chose mates who possessed them.

There is nothing more; but I want nothing more. That was Hitchens’ attitude toward his life, and which denied an emotional need for an afterlife, or for a heavenly reward. It might be fun to live a few more alternate lives, like we already do in the various media, but to live an infinity of them, especially within the confines of an emotionally shallow heaven would be hell. Isn’t it strange there are so few movies placed within heaven? I’ve never encountered one – a few comic skits, Monty Python perhaps. Atheists have always argued that this world is all that we have, and that our duty is to one another to make the very most and best of it. Life is varied in the problems that come to us, but they come to us in a form that we have been prepared for by evolution, by experience and by reality to participate in. It is the participation in life that is our ultimate opportunity, and the source of our contentment.

I shall simply say that those who offer false consolation are false friends. This is a profound condemnation of religion, because the generation of hope in fantastic things deprives individuals in need of true hope in realistic ones. When people are distracted from reality their relationship with it and with their own selves is degraded. Hitchens emphasized this idea with, Beware the irrational, however seductive. Shun the ‘transcendent’ and all who invite you to subordinate or annihilate yourself. Distrust compassion; prefer dignity for yourself and others.

Take the risk of thinking for yourself; much more happiness, truth, beauty, and wisdom will come to you that way. That is great advice, but it is difficult to apply as nearly all of our behavior goes on automatically, and the only effective option we have is to modify our habits on those few opportunities that present themselves. This ability is at the heart of Jesus’ teaching, and all the rest is commentary. “What men should do to you, you do to them.” The operative word is should, and that comes to helping them to their highest self-chosen destination, and that is the essence of kindness to others, and the practice of that habit of kindness trains all your habits toward yourself.


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