AI approaches the wisdom of Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274)  is the Catholic Church’s greatest theologian and philosopher. For those with faith, no evidence is necessary; for those without it, no evidence will suffice.

Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274)  is the Catholic Church’s greatest theologian.

1. Everything I have written seems like straw by comparison with what I have seen and what has been revealed to me.

In this quote, Thomas Aquinas expresses his humility and acknowledges the limitations of human knowledge. He recognizes that despite all his intellectual achievements and writings, they pale in comparison to the revelations he has experienced. The quote highlights the importance of recognizing the limits of our knowledge and the need for continued exploration and learning.

2. A man has free choice to the extent that he is rational.

Here, Aquinas asserts that free will is dependent on reason. In other words, rational thinking distinguishes humans from animals and enables them to make choices based on their understanding of right and wrong. This quote emphasizes the importance of reason in decision-making and its role in shaping our actions.

3. Most men seem to live according to sense rather than reason.

This quote reflects Aquinas’s observation that many prioritize sensory experiences over rational thinking. He recognizes that it is easier to act impulsively based on sensory input than to consider the rational implications of our actions. The quote emphasizes the need for people to exercise reason and critical thinking when making decisions rather than merely relying on their sensory experiences.

4. Distinctions drawn by the mind are not necessarily equivalent to distinctions in reality.

In this quote, Aquinas is challenging the idea that the distinctions we draw in our minds necessarily correspond to the distinctions that exist in reality. He recognizes that human understanding is limited and that we can never fully comprehend the true nature of things. The quote emphasizes the need to remain open to the possibility that our understanding of the world may not be complete or accurate.

5. Human salvation demands the divine disclosure of truths surpassing reason.

Aquinas argues here that salvation requires divine intervention because there are truths that transcend human reason. He recognizes that there are limitations to what humans can understand and that some truths can only be revealed through divine disclosure. The quote highlights the importance of faith and the recognition that there are aspects of the world that we cannot fully comprehend through reason alone.

6. Three things are necessary for man’s salvation: to know what he ought to believe, what he ought to desire, and what he ought to do.

This quote highlights the three key components of salvation according to Aquinas: belief, desire, and action. He argues that it is not enough to simply believe in something; one must also desire it and take action to achieve it. The quote emphasizes the importance of aligning one’s beliefs, desires, and actions to achieve spiritual fulfillment.

7. We can’t have full knowledge all at once. We must start by believing; afterward, we may be led to master the evidence for ourselves.

In this quote, Aquinas emphasizes the importance of belief as a starting point for knowledge. He recognizes that we cannot have complete knowledge of everything at once and must start by believing in something before we can explore it further. The quote highlights the role of faith and belief in shaping our understanding of the world and the importance of being open to new ideas and perspectives.

8. Faith has to do with things that are not seen and hope with things that are not in hand.

Aquinas’s quote, “Faith has to do with things that are not seen and hope with things that are not in hand,” emphasizes the importance of belief in unseen things and having hope in what is not yet tangible. Faith and hope require trust and conviction beyond what can be observed or experienced. The quote emphasizes the importance of trusting in the unseen and having hope for the future.

9. For those with faith, no evidence is necessary; without it, no evidence will suffice.

In this quote, Aquinas highlights the importance of faith in accepting certain truths without the need for evidence. For those who already have faith, evidence is unnecessary because they have already accepted certain beliefs. However, for those without faith, no evidence will be sufficient to convince them. The quote emphasizes the role of faith in shaping our beliefs and understanding of the world.

10. Whatever is received is received according to the nature of the recipient.

This quote emphasizes that how we receive things depends on our nature and character. How we perceive and interpret the world is influenced by our individual traits and experiences. The quote highlights the importance of recognizing our own biases and limitations to better understand and interpret the world around us.

11. Clearly, the person who accepts the Church as an infallible guide will believe whatever the Church teaches.

Aquinas recognizes that belief in the infallibility of the Church is a prerequisite for accepting its teachings. The quote highlights the importance of authority and tradition in shaping religious beliefs and practices. It emphasizes the role of the Church as a guide and source of knowledge and the importance of accepting its teachings as true.

12. If our opponent believes nothing of divine revelation, there is no longer any means of proving the articles of faith by reasoning but only of answering his objections — if he has any — against faith. Since faith rests upon infallible truth, and since the contrary of a truth can never be demonstrated, it is clear that the arguments brought against faith cannot be demonstrations but are difficulties that can be answered.

Here, Aquinas acknowledges that faith cannot be proven through reasoning alone. Belief in certain aspects of divine revelation is based on infallible truth and cannot be disproven through rational argument. The quote emphasizes the importance of recognizing the limitations of reason when it comes to matters of faith and the need to rely on faith to accept certain truths.

13. Obedience unites us so closely to God that it, in a way, transforms us into Him so that we have no other will but His.

This quote emphasizes the transformative power of obedience to God. When we submit our will to God, we become more like Him, and our desires align with His. The quote highlights the importance of obedience in spiritual growth and emphasizes the unity that comes from submitting to God’s will.

14. If obedience is lacking, even prayer cannot please God.

This quote emphasizes the importance of obedience in pleasing God. Even if we pray regularly and are not obedient to God’s will, our prayers may not be acceptable to Him. The quote highlights the importance of aligning our actions with our beliefs and the role of obedience in spiritual growth and development.

15. Three conditions are necessary for Penance: contrition, which is sorrow for sin, with a purpose of amendment; confession of sins without any omission; and satisfaction using good works.

Aquinas outlines the three necessary conditions for penance in this quote – contrition, confession, and satisfaction. Contrition involves feeling sorrow for one’s sins and a commitment to change. Confession involves admitting one’s sins without any omission. Satisfaction involves performing good works as a way to make amends for one’s sins. The quote emphasizes the importance of taking responsibility for one’s actions and making amends through repentance and good works.

16. There must be a first mover, which we call God.

Out of the unknown-nothing came something that became the whole Universe, we call it God.

This quote asserts the preexistence of God as the first mover and the cause of all creation. Aquinas argues that everything in the universe has a cause and that this chain of causation must have a beginning – which he identifies as God. The quote emphasizes the importance of recognizing a higher power as the origin of all things and the implications of this belief for understanding the nature of the universe.

17. The truth can be perceived only through thinking, as Augustine proves.

Here, Aquinas asserts that truth can only be perceived through thinking. He cites the work of Augustine to support his claim. The quote highlights the importance of critical thinking and rational inquiry in the pursuit of knowledge and understanding.

18. The blessed in the kingdom of heaven will see the punishments of the damned so that their bliss be more delightful for them.

This quote suggests that the blessed in heaven will witness the punishment of the damned to enhance their own joy. The quote emphasizes the importance of perspective and how our experiences are shaped by the context in which they occur.

19. That the saints may enjoy their beatitude and the grace of God more abundantly, they are permitted to see the punishment of the damned in hell.

Aquinas suggests that the saints in heaven are allowed to witness the punishment of the damned as a way to enhance their own beatitude and grace. The quote emphasizes the idea that our experiences in the afterlife are not separate from our actions in life and that our actions have consequences that can carry over into the next life.

20. The Study of philosophy is not that we may know what men have thought but the truth.

This quote emphasizes the importance of studying philosophy to seek the truth rather than simply learning what others have thought. It highlights the need for critical thinking and inquiry in the pursuit of knowledge and emphasizes the importance of seeking the truth rather than simply accepting the opinions of others.

21. We must love those whose opinions we share and those we reject, for both have labored in the search for truth and helped us find it.

Here, Aquinas emphasizes respecting and loving those we disagree with. He recognizes that all people, regardless of their beliefs, have contributed to the pursuit of truth in their own way. The quote highlights the importance of open-mindedness and humility in seeking knowledge and understanding.

22. The truth of our faith becomes a matter of ridicule among the infidels if any Catholic, not gifted with the necessary scientific learning, presents as dogma what scientific scrutiny shows to be false.

Aquinas emphasizes the importance of scientific inquiry in shaping religious beliefs in this quote. He acknowledges that presenting religious dogma as scientifically false can lead to ridicule among those who do not share those beliefs. The quote highlights the importance of reconciling faith and reason and recognizing the limitations of both.

23. What is natural cannot be changed while nature remains. But contrary opinions cannot be simultaneously in the same mind: therefore, contrary to natural knowledge, no opinion or belief is sent to man from God. And therefore the Apostle says: The word is near in thy heart and mouth, that is, the word of faith we preach (Rom. x, 8). But because it surpasses reason, some count it as contrary to reason, which cannot be. To the same effect is the authority of Augustine (Gen. ad litt. ii, 18) : ” What truth reveals can nowise be contrary to the holy books either of the Old or of the New Testament.” Hence the conclusion is evident that any arguments alleged against the teachings of faith do not proceed logically from the first principles of nature, principles of themselves known, and so do not amount to a demonstration; but are either probable reasons or sophistical; hence the room is left for refuting them.
Those truths are self-evident and are recognized at once as soon as the terms in which they are expressed are known. Such a truth is the assertion that God exists: for by the name ‘God,’ we understand something more significant than which nothing can be thought. This notion is formed in the understanding by whoever hears and understands the name ‘God’ that God must already exist in the mind. Now He cannot exist in the mind only: for what is in the mind and in reality is more significant than that in the mind only. Still, nothing is greater than God, as the very meaning of the name shows: it follows that the existence of God is a self-evident truth, evidenced by the meaning of the name.

This quote emphasizes the idea that faith cannot be contrary to reason, and any arguments against it do not logically follow from first principles. Aquinas argues that some truths, such as the existence of God, are self-evident and do not require proof. The quote highlights the importance of recognizing the relationship between faith and reason and the need to approach religious beliefs with a critical but open mind.

24. […] the believer and the philosopher consider creatures differently. The philosopher considers what belongs to their proper natures. In contrast, the believer considers only what is true of creatures insofar as they are related to God, for example, that they are created by God and are subject to him, and the like.

Here, Aquinas distinguishes between the perspectives of the philosopher and the believer when it comes to understanding the nature of creation. The philosopher focuses on the inherent characteristics of things, while the believer sees them concerning God. The quote emphasizes the importance of recognizing different ways of understanding the world and the role of faith in shaping our perspective.

25. All that is true, by whomsoever it has been said, originates in the Spirit.

This quote suggests that all truth originates from the Spirit, regardless of who speaks it. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing the source of truth and the role of the Spirit in shaping our understanding of the world. The quote highlights the need for openness and humility in recognizing the truth in all its forms.

26. Better to illuminate than merely to shine to deliver to others contemplated truths than merely to contemplate.

This quote emphasizes the importance of sharing our insights and contemplations with others rather than merely experiencing them ourselves. Aquinas suggests that illuminating others with our insights is more valuable than merely contemplating them ourselves. The quote highlights the importance of sharing knowledge and insights with others as a way to contribute to the growth and development of others.

27. THE Divine Wisdom, that knows all things most fully, has deigned to reveal these her secrets to men, and in proof of them, has displayed works beyond the competence of all natural powers, in the wonderful cure of diseases, in the raising of the dead, and what is more remarkable still, in such inspiration of human minds as those simple and ignorant persons, filled with the gift of the Holy Ghost, have gained in an instant the height of wisdom and eloquence. By force of the proof above, without violence of arms, without the promise of pleasures, and, a most beautiful thing of all, amid the violence of persecutors, a countless multitude, not only of the uneducated but of the wisest men, flocked to the Christian faith, wherein doctrines are preached that transcend all human understanding, pleasures of sense are restrained, and contempt is taught of all worldly possessions. That mortal minds should assent to such teaching is the greatest of miracles and a manifest work of divine inspiration leading men to despise the visible and desire only invisible goods. Nor did this happen suddenly nor by chance, but by a divine disposition, as is manifest from the fact that God foretold by many oracles of His prophets that He intended to do this. The books of those prophets are still venerated amongst us as bearing testimony to our faith. This argument is touched upon in the text: Which (salvation) having begun to be uttered by the Lord, was confirmed by them that heard him even unto us, God joining in the testimony by signs and portents and various distributions of the Holy Spirit (Heb. ii, 3, 4). This so excellent conversion of the world to the Christian faith is so specific a sign of past miracles that they need no further reiteration since they appear evidently in their effects. It would be more wonderful than all other miracles if, without miraculous signs, the world had been induced by simple and low-born men to believe truths so arduous, to do works so difficult, to hope for reward so high. And yet even in our times, God ceases not through His saints to work miracles to confirm the faith.

Aquinas highlights the power of divine revelation and miracles in shaping religious belief in this quote. He argues that the wonders of nature and the extraordinary events that have occurred throughout history demonstrate the existence of a higher power. The quote emphasizes the importance of recognizing the divine in our lives and the role of faith in shaping our understanding of the world.

28. Better to illuminate than merely to shine, to deliver to others contemplated truths than merely to contemplate.

Aquinas asserts that reason and faith are complementary rather than contradictory. He suggests that reason can lead to a better understanding of religious truths and that faith can inform our understanding of reason. The quote highlights the importance of reconciling different ways of understanding the world and recognizing the limitations of each.

29. [I]t is to be borne in mind, regarding the philosophical sciences, that the inferior sciences neither prove their principles nor dispute with those who deny them, but leave this to a higher science; whereas the highest of them, viz. metaphysics, can dispute with one who denies its principles if only the opponent makes some concession; but if he concedes nothing, it can have no dispute with him, though it can answer his objections. Hence Sacred Scripture, since it has no science above itself, can dispute with one who denies its principles only if the opponent admits some at least of the truths obtained through divine revelation; thus, we can argue with heretics from texts in Holy Writ, and against those who deny one article of faith, we can argue from another.

Here, Aquinas emphasizes the importance of recognizing our own limitations and seeking guidance from a higher power. He suggests that humility is necessary for spiritual growth and acknowledging our shortcomings to pursue knowledge and understanding. He emphasizes the importance of recognizing the authority of Sacred Scripture in matters of faith. He argues that Scripture can only be disputed by someone who accepts at least some of the truths revealed by divine inspiration. The quote highlights the importance of recognizing the limitations of reason and the need to rely on faith and revelation in matters of religious belief. It also emphasizes the importance of using Scripture to argue against those who deny the truths of faith.

30. It must be said that charity cannot exist along with mortal sin.

This quote highlights the importance of recognizing the interconnectedness of all things and the role of love in shaping our understanding of the world. Aquinas suggests that love is essential for spiritual growth and that recognizing the love of others can help us to better understand ourselves and our place in the world.

31. I receive Thee ransom of my soul. For the love of Thee have I studied and kept vigil, toiled, preached and taught…

In this quote, Aquinas emphasizes the importance of recognizing the power of faith and miracles in shaping religious belief. He argues that the extraordinary events of history, including the conversion of countless people to Christianity, demonstrate the existence of a higher power. The quote highlights the role of divine revelation and miracles in shaping our understanding of the world and the importance of recognizing their power in our lives.

32. Nothing on this earth is more prized than true friendship. Grant me, O Lord my God, a mind to know you, a heart to seek you, wisdom to find you, conduct pleasing to you, faithful perseverance in waiting for you, and a hope of finally embracing you. Amen. The soul is like an uninhabited world that comes to life only when God lays His head against us.

Aquinas offers his absolute friendship to God and asks God to be his true friend.

33. Beware the man of a single book.

This is the BOOK! And you better believe it, or you will suffer my wrath.

This quote emphasizes the danger of relying solely on one source of knowledge or belief. Aquinas warns against the narrow-mindedness that can arise from a lack of exposure to diverse perspectives and sources of information. The quote highlights the importance of remaining open to new ideas and perspectives and recognizing the limitations of our own knowledge.

34. Fear is such a powerful emotion for humans that allowing it to take us over drives compassion out of our hearts.

Aquinas suggests that fear can be a powerful force that can drive out compassion from our hearts. The quote highlights the importance of recognizing the negative impact of fear on our emotions and relationships and the need to confront our fears to foster compassion and understanding.

35. Give us, O Lord, a steadfast heart, which no unworthy affection may drag downwards; give us an unconquered heart, which no tribulation can wear out; give us an upright heart, which no unworthy purpose may tempt aside. Bestow upon us also, O Lord our God, understanding to know you, diligence to seek you, wisdom to find you, and a faithfulness that may finally embrace you; through Jesus Christ our Lord.

Aquinas suggests that fear can be a powerful force that can drive out compassion from our hearts. The quote highlights the importance of recognizing the negative impact of fear on our emotions and relationships and the need to confront our fears to foster compassion and understanding.

36. Even as in the blessed in heaven, there will be the most perfect charity, so in the damned, there will be the most perfect hate. As the saints will rejoice in all goods, so will the damned grieve for all goods. Consequently, seeing the saints’ happiness will give them great pain; hence it is written (Isaiah 26:11): “Let the envious people see and be confounded, and let fire devour Thy enemies.” Therefore they will wish all the good were damned.

The damned will experience the opposite of the joy and happiness of the saints in heaven. He argues that their hatred and grief will be more intense than anything experienced in life. The quote emphasizes the importance of recognizing the consequences of our actions and the need to cultivate compassion and empathy for others.

37. Nothing which implies contradiction falls under the omnipotence of God.

Aquinas emphasizes the limitations of God’s omnipotence. He suggests that the concept of omnipotence does not extend to inherently contradictory things. The quote highlights the importance of recognizing the limitations of our understanding and the need to approach religious belief with humility and open-mindedness.

38. The existence of a prime mover – nothing can move; there must be a first mover. The first mover is called God.

In this quote, Aquinas emphasizes the existence of a first mover that is necessary to explain the motion of all things. He identifies this first mover as God, suggesting that the existence of God is necessary to explain the workings of the universe. The quote highlights the importance of recognizing the role of God in shaping the natural world and understanding the relationship between faith and reason.

39. That the saints may enjoy their beatitude and the grace of God more abundantly, they are permitted to see the punishment of the damned in hell.

Aquinas suggests that the saints in heaven are allowed to witness the punishment of the damned in hell to increase their enjoyment of God’s grace. The quote highlights the complex relationship between punishment and reward in religious belief and the importance of recognizing the consequences of our actions.

40. The highest manifestation of life is that a being governs its actions. A thing that is always subject to the direction of another is somewhat of a dead thing.

This quote emphasizes the importance of free will in defining what it means to be truly alive. Aquinas suggests that a being that is always subject to the direction of another is somewhat of a dead thing, highlighting the importance of individual agency and self-determination in defining what it means to live.

41. The knowledge of God is the cause of things. For the knowledge of God is to all creatures what the knowledge of the artificer is to things made by his art.

Aquinas suggests that the knowledge of God is the cause of all things, emphasizing the importance of recognizing the divine in shaping the natural world. The quote highlights the interconnectedness of all things and the role of faith in shaping our understanding of the universe.

42. The principal act of courage is to endure and withstand dangers doggedly rather than attack them.

Aquinas emphasizes the importance of endurance and steadfastness in facing danger. He suggests that courage is defined not by attacking dangers but by enduring them with perseverance and strength. The quote highlights the importance of recognizing the complexities of courage and the need to cultivate strength and resilience in the face of adversity.

43. The test of the artist does not lie in the will with which he goes to work but in the excellence of the work he produces.

This quote highlights the importance of excellence in artistic pursuits. Aquinas suggests that the true test of an artist lies not in their intentions or motivations but in the excellence of their work. The quote emphasizes the importance of recognizing the value of skill and craftsmanship in creative endeavors.

44. The theologian considers sin mainly as an offense against God; the moral philosopher as contrary to reasonableness.

Aquinas suggests that sin can be understood differently depending on one’s perspective. He argues that the theologian considers sin primarily as an offense against God, while the moral philosopher sees it as contrary to reasonableness. The quote highlights the complexity of sin and the need to approach it from multiple perspectives to understand its full impact.

45. Reason in man is rather like God in the world.

Here, Aquinas draws a parallel between reason in man and God in the world. He suggests that reason, like God, plays a fundamental role in shaping our understanding of the world and defining our place in it. The quote highlights the importance of reason and rationality in shaping our understanding of religious belief and the natural world.

46. Reason in man is rather like God in the world.

Aquinas draws a parallel between reason in man and God in the world, suggesting that reason plays a fundamental role in shaping our understanding of the world and defining our place in it. The quote highlights the importance of rationality and critical thinking in shaping our understanding of religious belief and the natural world.

47. Charity, by which God and neighbor are loved, is the most perfect friendship.

This quote emphasizes the importance of charity, which Aquinas defines as the perfect form of friendship. He suggests that true love involves not only loving God but also loving one’s neighbor. The quote highlights the interconnectedness of all things and the importance of cultivating compassion and empathy for others.

48. Concerning perfect blessedness, which consists of a vision of God.

Aquinas reflects on the nature of perfect blessedness, which he suggests consists of a vision of God. The quote emphasizes the importance of spiritual growth and understanding in achieving true happiness and fulfillment.

49. To love God is something greater than to know Him.

In this quote, Aquinas suggests that loving God is a greater achievement than simply knowing Him. He emphasizes the importance of cultivating a deep and meaningful relationship with God and recognizing the importance of love and compassion in religious belief.

50. Grant me, O Lord my God, a mind to know you, a heart to seek you, wisdom to find you, conduct pleasing to you, faithful perseverance in waiting for you, and a hope of finally embracing you.

This quote is a prayer asking for God’s guidance and support in pursuing spiritual growth and understanding. Aquinas emphasizes the importance of seeking wisdom, conducting oneself in a way that is pleasing to God, and persevering in the face of adversity. The quote highlights the importance of humility and faith in shaping our understanding of religious belief and the natural world.

51. Grant, O Lord my God, that I may never fall away in success or failure; I may not be prideful in prosperity nor dejected in adversity. Let me rejoice only in what unites us and sorrow only in what separates us. May I strive to please no one or fear to displease anyone except Yourself. May I always see the eternal things and never those only temporal. May I shun any joy that is without You and never seek any that is beside You. O Lord, may I delight in any work I do for You and tire of any rest apart from You. My God, let me direct my heart towards You, and in my failings, always repent with the purpose of amendment.

In this prayer, Aquinas asks God for the strength to resist the temptations of pride and despair and to remain steadfast in pursuing spiritual growth and understanding. He emphasizes the importance of focusing on eternal things rather than temporal ones and seeking joy and fulfillment only in God. The prayer highlights the importance of living a life dedicated to serving God and doing His will rather than seeking the approval of others or worldly success. Aquinas also asks for the ability to repent and amend his ways when he falls short, recognizing the importance of humility and self-reflection in pursuing spiritual growth. Overall, the prayer reflects Aquinas’s deep commitment to living a life centered on faith and devotion to God.

52. All admit that indulgences have some value; for it would be blasphemy to say that the Church does anything in vain.

53. Sure, for all our blindness; secure, for all our helplessness; strong, for all our weakness; gaily in love, for all the pressures on our hearts.

Aquinas speaks of the paradoxical nature of our relationship with God – despite our blindness, helplessness, and weakness, we can feel sure and secure in His love. This quote highlights Aquinas’s belief in the power of faith to overcome human limitations and bring us closer to God.

54. For a war to be just, three things are necessary. First, the authority of the sovereign. Secondly, a just cause. Thirdly, a rightful intention.

Aquinas outlines the necessary conditions for a just war, which include the proper authority, a just cause, and a rightful intention. He believed that war should only be waged for a just cause and to restore peace and justice rather than for personal gain or power.

55. Good can exist without evil, whereas evil cannot exist without good.

Aquinas posits that good can exist independently of evil but that evil cannot exist without the presence of good. This statement suggests that evil is parasitic in nature and derives its meaning and existence from the existence of good.

56. Well-ordered self-love is right and natural.

Self-love, when appropriately ordered, is not only natural but also right. He believed that loving oneself is a prerequisite for loving others and fulfilling one’s duties to them. However, he emphasized the importance of ordering this self-love by reason and the love of God rather than allowing it to become selfish or excessive.

57. Almighty and Eternal God, behold I come to the Sacrament of Your only-begotten Son, our Lord Jesus Christ. As one sick, I come to the Physician of life; unclean, to the Fountain of mercy; blind, to the Light of eternal splendor; poor and needy, to the Lord of heaven and earth. Therefore, through Your infinite mercy and generosity, I beg of You to heal my weakness, wash my uncleanness, give light to my blindness, enrich my poverty, and clothe my nakedness. May I thus receive the Bread of Angels, the King of Kings, the Lord of Lords, with such reverence and humility, contrition and devotion, purity and faith, purpose, and intention, as shall aid my soul’s salvation.

This prayer is a humble plea to God for spiritual healing and renewal. It acknowledges human weakness and imperfection and seeks the aid of the divine physician, Jesus Christ, who can cure all spiritual ills. The speaker asks for forgiveness and cleansing from sin and for illumination and guidance in the face of spiritual darkness. The request for enrichment and clothing alludes to the idea of spiritual poverty and nakedness, which can be overcome through the grace of God. The prayer concludes with a request for a worthy reception of the Holy Eucharist, the Bread of Angels, which is considered a source of spiritual nourishment and salvation.

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We are all on fire!

Seeking our personal truth.

AI approaches the wisdom of Aristotle

Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) was the Greek philosopher who created a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing ethics, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics. The least deviation from truth will be multiplied later.

Aristotle was the premiere natural philosopher of the Western World for two millennia.

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1. Excellence is never an accident. It is always the result of high intention, sincere effort, and intelligent execution; it represents the wise choice of many alternatives – choice, not chance, determines your destiny.

Aristotle believed that our destiny is not determined by chance or luck, but rather by the choices we make throughout our lives. According to Aristotle, each choice we make leads to a particular action, which in turn leads to a particular outcome. Therefore, the choices we make ultimately determine the course of our lives, rather than external factors like luck or fate. We have the power to shape our own destiny through our choices and actions and it is up to us to take responsibility for the direction of our lives.

2. There is an ideal of excellence for any particular craft or occupation; similarly, there must be excellence that we can achieve as human beings. That is, we can live our lives as a whole in such a way that they can be judged not just as excellent in this respect or in that occupation, but as excellent, period. Only when we develop our genuinely human capacities sufficiently to achieve this social excellence will we have lives blessed with happiness.

Human beings possess a personal capacity for excellence or virtue, which he called “arete”. According to Aristotle, this excellence is not something we are born with, but rather something that we may cultivate through deliberate practice and training. There are many different forms of excellence, ranging from moral virtues like courage and honesty to intellectual virtues like wisdom and understanding. By striving to achieve these virtues, we can become the best possible versions of ourselves and live fulfilling lives. It is also a social responsibility, as our actions and choices have a profound impact on those around us.

3. Since the branch of philosophy on which we are at present engaged differs from the others in not being a subject of merely intellectual interest — I mean we are not concerned to know what goodness essentially is, but how we are to become good men, for this alone gives the study its practical value — we must apply our minds to the solution of the problems of conduct.

The goal of education and intellectual inquiry is to become a good person, and the pursuit of knowledge is valuable only to the extent that it could help us achieve this goal. Being a good person meant cultivating virtues like courage, honesty, kindness, and wisdom, which would enable us to live a happy and fulfilling life while also contributing to the well-being of our community. The study of ethics and moral philosophy was therefore essential, as it provided a framework for understanding the nature of virtue and how we could cultivate it in ourselves and others. The practical value of knowledge lay in its ability to help us become better people.

4. Not in depraved things, but those well-oriented according to nature, are what we consider to be natural. Nature does nothing in vain. Therefore, persons must act according to their nature and develop their latent talents to be content and complete.

Every individual has a unique nature, which includes certain innate talents and potentials that are waiting to be developed. For a person to be truly content and fulfilled, they must act in accordance with their nature, developing and utilizing their natural abilities to their fullest extent. Each individual has a specific purpose or function in life and by fulfilling this purpose, they can achieve a sense of completeness and satisfaction. Their purpose might be related to a particular profession, skill, or talent, but it could also be related to broader goals like contributing to society, raising a family, or pursuing a particular passion or interest. The key to happiness and fulfillment lies in recognizing and embracing one’s unique nature and then working to develop and utilize those talents and abilities to the fullest extent possible.

5. We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, therefore, is not an act but a habit.

Our habits and actions define who we are as individuals and that excellence or virtue is not simply a matter of occasional good deeds or actions, but rather a consistent pattern of behavior that is deeply ingrained into our character. Our habits and actions are the results of repeated choices and decisions that we make on a daily basis, and these choices ultimately shape our character and determine our destiny. When we consistently engage in virtuous actions and behaviors, we develop virtuous habits and become virtuous people. But, if we engage in negative or harmful actions, we will develop negative habits and become flawed and unhappy individuals. Excellence or virtue is not something that can be achieved through a single act or decision, but rather a lifelong process of cultivating good habits and consistently making virtuous choices.

6. It is impossible, or not easy, to alter by argument what has long been absorbed by habit
For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them.

Changing a person’s deeply ingrained habits and beliefs through argument or persuasion can be a difficult or even impossible task. Aristotle argued that once a habit or belief has become deeply rooted in a person’s psyche, it becomes resistant to change, and that simply presenting a logical argument or appealing to reason is unlikely to be effective. The best way to change a habit or belief is through repeated practice and exposure to alternative ideas or behaviors, which could gradually help to shift a person’s perspective and lead to the development of new habits and beliefs. Early childhood education deeply shapes a person’s adult habits and character, so parents and educators should focus on instilling positive habits and values from an early age, in order to avoid the need for later difficult intervention and corrections. Those will require patience, persistence, and a willingness to engage in long-term efforts to improve a person’s perspective.

7. Courage is the mother of all virtues because, without it, you cannot consistently perform the others. Men acquire a particular quality by always acting a specific way you become just by performing just actions, temperate by performing temperate activities, brave by performing brave actions.

Courage was an important virtue because it was a prerequisite for sustaining the cultivation of other virtues. Courage was necessary in order to overcome fear and face difficult or challenging situations, and without courage, it was impossible to consistently perform other virtues like honesty, kindness, or self-control. Courage enabled a person to act in accordance with their values and principles, even in the face of opposition or adversity, and it allowed them to persist in the pursuit of their goals and aspirations. Courage was not simply a matter of physical bravery, but also involved moral courage, which required a person to stand up for what they believed was right, even if it was unpopular or controversial. Courage is the foundation upon which other virtues rested, and without it, a person could not achieve true excellence or fulfill their potential as a human being.

8. Excellence is an art won by training and habit. We do not act rightly because we have virtue and excellence, but rather, we have virtue and excellence because we act rightly.

Virtue and excellence are not innate qualities or traits that a person possesses but rather were developed through repeated actions and habits. A person did not become virtuous simply by possessing certain qualities or by making occasional good choices, but rather by consistently acting in accordance with virtuous principles and ideals. It was our actions and habits that defined our character, and our virtues and excellence were the results of these actions and habits. A person did not become virtuous or excellent because they were born with these qualities, but rather because they intentionally and consistently acted in virtuous and excellent ways. Therefore, the key to developing virtue and excellence was to focus on developing good habits and always making virtuous choices and by doing so, a person could gradually transform themselves into a more virtuous individual.

9. Character may be called the most effective means of persuasion.

A person’s character was a crucial element in persuading others, and more important than the arguments presented. He argued that people were more likely to be persuaded by someone they respected or admired than by someone they distrusted or disliked. That a person’s character could have a powerful influence on their ability to persuade others. According to Aristotle, a person’s character was shaped by their habits and actions, and therefore, it was important for speakers to present themselves as virtuous and trustworthy individuals. This was especially important in persuasive contexts such as public speaking or debate, where the audience’s perception of the speaker’s character could make or break their argument. Aristotle believed that a person’s character was the most effective means of persuasion because it appealed to the audience’s emotions and values, rather than their intellect, and could create a sense of trust and connection between the speaker and the audience. Speakers should focus not only on presenting logical arguments but also on cultivating a strong and virtuous character that would inspire trust and respect in their audience.

10. Great men are always of a personal nature, originally melancholy.

Aristotle believed that great men, such as philosophers or statesmen, were often characterized by a certain personal nature, which he described as being originally melancholy. This melancholic disposition was a necessary condition for greatness, as it allowed these individuals to cultivate a deep and introspective perspective early in their life and a careful observation of the world around them. The melancholic temperament, is characterized by a tendency towards introspection, contemplation, and reflection, which enabled these individuals to develop a profound understanding of themselves and the world around them. This personal nature, combined with a commitment to pursuing excellence in their chosen field, allowed great men to achieve extraordinary things and leave a lasting impact on the world.

11.Your talents and the needs of the world cross; there lies your vocation.

Every person has unique talents and abilities that can be used to make a positive contribution to the world. Our talents can be enjoyed for personal gain or pleasure, but may also be used to meet the needs of the world around us. Our calling in life was to find the intersection between our talents and the needs of the world. By doing so, we could use our talents to make a meaningful contribution to society and find a sense of purpose and fulfillment in our lives. We can feel satisfaction in using our talents for the greater good. We can seek out ways to use our talents to meet the needs of the world and as well as our own.

12. Man is a goal-seeking animal. His life only has meaning if he is reaching out and striving for his goals.

Human beings are inherently goal-oriented creatures who find meaning and purpose in striving towards and achieving their goals. Our pursuit of goals was not simply a matter of personal preference, but rather a fundamental aspect of our inherent nature as human beings. Our goals give direction and structure to our lives, and provided a sense of purpose and fulfillment that could not be found elsewhere. The pursuit of goals is essential for living a meaningful and fulfilling life, and that without goals, life would be devoid of meaning and purpose. The pursuit of goals was not an end in itself, but rather a means of achieving personal growth, development and satisfaction in accomplishments. He believed that our goals should challenge us to become better versions of ourselves. The pursuit of our goals would ultimately lead to a life of greater happiness and fulfillment. Individuals will improve their life satisfaction if they identify their goals and aspirations early in life and to work towards them with dedication and persistence

13. The best choice for each individual is the highest, he can achieve.

Every individual has a unique potential that can be realized through the cultivation of their virtues and talents. Their best choice is to strive towards the highest level of excellence that they could achieve in their particular calling. They should aim to reach their full potential, whatever that may be, and to pursue excellence in their chosen field to the best of their abilities. This pursuit of excellence was not a matter of personal preference or ambition, but rather a moral obligation to develop one’s potential and make a positive contribution to society. By striving towards the highest level of excellence, an individual can achieve a sense of fulfillment and happiness that can not be found elsewhere. Therefore, a youth should identify their unique strengths and talents, and to work towards realizing their full potential.

14. Every skill and every inquiry, and similarly every action and rational choice, is thought to aim at some good; and so the good had been aptly described as that at which everything aims.

Every human action, inquiry, and choice is motivated by a desire to achieve some kind of human good. The goal of human existence was to achieve this “good”, which he believed it was the highest aim of humanities pursuit. The concept of “good” was not limited to material possessions or pleasures, but rather encompassed a broader idea of humanites flourishing and well-being. This ultimate goal can be achieved through the cultivation of virtues such as wisdom, courage, and justice, which enabled individuals to live a life of excellence and make a positive impact on the everything. Therefore, individuals are encouraged to identify their own personal vision of the “good” and to work towards achieving it in all aspects of their lives.

15. It is well to be up before daybreak, for such habits contribute to health, wealth, and wisdom.

The habit of rising early in the morning was particularly important, as it contributed to one’s health, wealth, and wisdom. Waking up early allowed individuals to get a head start on their day, which gave them a sense of control and allowed them to be more productive. This habit promoted physical health by providing an opportunity for exercise and exposure to sunlight. Waking up early allowed for time to be spent in contemplation and study, which contributed to the development of wisdom and intellectual growth.

16. We must be neither cowardly nor rash but courageous.

Courage is a fundamental virtue that allowed individuals to act in the face of fear and to confront difficult challenges. However, a difference between courage and recklessness. We must find a balance between avoiding challenges and risks out of fear and being rash, which involves acting without thought or consideration of the consequences. Cultivate the virtue of courage, which involves facing challenges and risks combined with thoughtfulness and determination. Navigate difficult situations with a clear mind and a steady hand as that is the quality was essential for achieving success and living a fulfilling life. Cultivate courage as a virtue and avoid cowardice and rashness.

17. Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.

True education involves not only the cultivation of intellectual knowledge, but also the development of moral character and ethical values. An education that focuses solely on the acquisition of knowledge without considering the development of moral character is incomplete and insufficient. Educating the heart involves cultivating virtues such as honesty, courage, and compassion, which allow individuals to lead fulfilling lives and contribute to the well-being of society. The goal of education was not only to transmit knowledge but also to help individuals develop a sense of moral purpose and ethical responsibility. Therefore, a holistic approach to education that focuses on the development of both the mind and the heart and recognizes the importance of character development in achieving a fulfilling and meaningful life.

18. It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it.

A true education cultivated the ability to approach ideas and arguments with an open mind and a critical perspective. An educated person should be able to consider different viewpoints and ideas without immediately accepting or rejecting them based on preconceived notions or biases. Listening involves the ability to examine arguments and evidence objectively, without being swayed by emotional or ideological attachments. Open-mindedness was essential for developing a deep understanding of complex ideas and for making informed decisions based on rational analysis.

19. The educated differ from the uneducated as much as the living differ from the dead.

Education is not just a means of acquiring knowledge, but rather a way of living that fundamentally transformed individuals and society. Education is the key to unlocking human potential and achieving a fulfilling life and the difference between an educated and un uneducated was as profound as the difference between the living and the dead. It is a process of continual growth and development, and the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom was an ongoing journey rather than a destination. It is essential for developing intellectual, moral, and social virtues and that it was through education that individuals could fully realize their potential and contribute to the betterment of society.

20. Those who educate children well are more to be honored than they who produce them; for these only gave them life, their teachers the art of living well.

The task of education was to cultivate in children the virtues and skills necessary to live a good life.The responsibility of educators was not simply to transmit knowledge and information, but to help students develop the intellectual, moral, and practical tools they needed to navigate the world and achieve their life goals. Educated children were more worthy of honor than those who merely produced them, as the educators were responsible for shaping the very nature of their students’ lives. The art of bing a productive citizen was the ultimate goal of public education. Educators who were able to impart this art to students were truly deserving of respect and admiration.

21. All who have meditated on the art of governing humankind have been convinced that empires’ fate depends on the education of youth.

The success of any society or civilization depended on the education of its youth. The purpose of education is not just to impart knowledge, but to develop the moral and intellectual qualities necessary for good citizenship and effective leadership. Those who govern society must have a deep understanding of human nature and the principles of justice and that this knowledge could only be acquired through a rigorous and well-rounded education. Education is the foundation of good governance, and the fate of nations rested on the quality of the education provided to their young. Aristotle’s views on education have had a profound influence on the history of philosophy.

22. The legislator should direct his attention above all to the education of youth; for the neglect of education does harm to the constitution. The citizen should be molded to suit the form of government under which he lives, for each government has a peculiar character which originally formed and which continues to preserve it. The character of democracy creates democracy, and the character of oligarchy creates oligarchy.

The political system of a state is determined by the character of its citizens. He argued that the way people think, behave, and interact with each other shapes the political system they create. For example, a democratic society is created by individuals who are characterized by a spirit of equality, justice, and liberty. In contrast, an oligarchic society is created by individuals who are characterized by a love of wealth, power, and privilege. It is the responsibility of its individuals to cultivate the virtues and qualities that are necessary for a just and stable society.

23. In making a speech, one must study three points: first, the means of producing persuasion; second, the language; third, the proper arrangement of the various parts of the speech.

A persuasive speech requires careful consideration of three elements: ethos, logos, and pathos. Ethos refers to the credibility of the speaker, logos refers to the logical reasoning and evidence presented in the speech, and pathos refers to the emotional appeal of the speech. In order to produce persuasion, the speaker must carefully consider all three of these elements and use them effectively to appeal to the audience. The speech must be appropriate and engaging for the audience, and the arrangement of the various parts of the speech must be logical and effective in building the argument.

24. To write well, express yourself like the ordinary people, but think like a wise man.

Good writing should strike a balance between accessibility and depth. To write well, one should use language that is easily understandable to the average person, avoiding overly complex vocabulary or convoluted sentence structures. However, the ideas being expressed should be well thought out and insightful, reflecting the wisdom of a learned individual. In essence, good writing should be both clear and profound, appealing to a wide audience while still conveying a deeper level of understanding.

25. Wise men speak when they have something to say, fools speak because they have to say something.

True wisdom involves knowing when to speak and when to remain silent. Wise individuals will only speak when they have something of value to contribute to a conversation, while foolish individuals feel compelled to speak regardless of whether they have anything meaningful to say. In essence, Aristotle is emphasizing the importance of listening and careful consideration before speaking. True wisdom involves being able to assess a situation and determine whether or not one’s input will be useful. By being selective with their words, wise individuals can make a greater impact with their speech, while foolish individuals run the risk of diluting their message with unnecessary chatter.

26. It is absurd to hold that a man should be ashamed of an inability to defend himself with his limbs, but not ashamed of an inability to defend himself with speech and reason; for the use of rational speech is more distinctive of a human being than the use of his limbs.

What truly sets human beings apart from other animals is our ability to communicate through rational speech. While other animals may have rudimentary forms of communication through sounds or gestures, human beings have developed language as a sophisticated tool for expressing abstract ideas and complex thoughts. It is through our ability to reason and articulate our ideas that we achieve our full potential as human beings. While our physical abilities may be limited compared to other animals, our intellectual capacity allows us to create, invent, and innovate in ways that no other species can. Thus, language is the defining ability of how humans defend themselves.

27. The wise man does not expose himself needlessly to danger, since there are few things for which he cares sufficiently; but he is willing, in great crises, to give even his life–knowing that under certain conditions it is not worthwhile to live. He is of a disposition to do men’s service, though he is ashamed to have a service done to him. To confer a kindness is a mark of superiority; to receive one is a mark of subordination. He does not take part in public displays. He is open in his dislikes and preferences; he talks and acts frankly because of his contempt for men and things. He is never fired with admiration since there is nothing extraordinary in his eyes. He cannot live in complaisance with others, except it be a friend; compliance is the characteristic of a slave. He never feels malice and always forgets and passes over injuries. He is not fond of talking. It is no concern of his that he should be praised, or that others should be blamed. He does not speak evil of others, even of his enemies, unless it is to themselves. His carriage is sedate, his voice deep, his speech measured; he is not given to hurry, for he is concerned about only a few things; he is not prone to vehemence, for he thinks nothing very important. A shrill voice and hasty steps come to a man through care. He bears the accidents of life with dignity and grace, making the best of his circumstances, like a skillful general who marshals his limited forces with the strategy of war. He is his own best friend and takes delight in privacy, whereas the man of no virtue or ability is his own worst enemy and is afraid of solitude.
28.It is not once nor twice but times without number that the same ideas make their appearance in the world.

We need to cultivate a positive attitude in the face of adversity and our resilience to struggle on. To “bear the accidents of life” refers to the idea that unexpected and difficult events are an inevitable part of human existence. However, But, it is how we respond to these events is what truly matters. A person who responds with dignity and grace is someone who is able to maintain their composure and stay optimistic even in the face of hardship. They are able to find the silver lining in difficult situations and make the best of whatever circumstances they find themselves in. By doing so, they demonstrate a level of maturity and emotional intelligence that allows them to navigate life’s ups and downs with a sense of poise and resilience.

29. Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.

Self-knowledge is the foundation of wisdom. By understanding our own thoughts, feelings, and motivations, we can gain insight into our strengths, weaknesses, and areas for growth. This self-awareness allows us to make better decisions and take more deliberate actions, rather than being driven by unconscious impulses or external influences. In addition, self-knowledge enables us to better understand and empathize with others, as we are able to recognize our own biases and limitations. Introspection and self-reflection is a means of cultivating wisdom and personal growth.

30. The more you know, the more you know you don’t know.

Knowledge is a never-ending process of learning, and discovery is finding and revealing new knowledge to humanity. The more we learn, and discover the more we realize how much we still have to learn and discover. The acquisition of written knowledge is a finite journey, but the discovery of the Universe is an ongoing pursuit. As we deepen our knowledge in a particular area, we become more aware of the complexity and nuance of the subject matter, and the gaps in our own understanding become more apparent. Thus, the pursuit of knowledge is a humbling experience that requires a willingness to admit our own limitations and a commitment to continual learning. By recognizing that there is always more to learn, we can approach new information with an open mind and a sense of curiosity.

31. Those who know, do, and those that understand teach.

There is a difference between simply knowing something and truly understanding it. He believed that those who truly understand a concept are best suited to use it, and to teach it to others. This is because a deep understanding of a subject allows for a more nuanced and insightful approach to doing, and teaching, rather than simply regurgitating facts or information. In addition, those who truly understand a subject from using it are better able to explain it in a way that is accessible and relatable to others. That understanding makes it easier for them to teach educators to learn and apply the knowledge themselves. By contrast, those who only possess surface-level memorized knowledge may struggle to explain complex concepts, as they lack a deeper understanding of the underlying principles. This idea underscores the importance of understanding, rather than just knowing, for the process of teaching and learning.

32. All men, by nature, desire to know.

Human beings have an inherent desire to seek knowledge and understanding of the world around them. The pursuit of knowledge is a fundamental aspect of human nature, which drives individuals to explore new ideas, ask questions, and seek out new experiences. This desire to know sets human beings apart from other animals, as it allows us to develop a greater understanding of our own existence and our place in the world. This pursuit of knowledge extends to all aspects of human experience, including social, emotional, and spiritual dimensions. By embracing our natural desire to know, we can unlock our full potential as human beings.

33. Some men are just as sure of the truth of their opinions as are others of what they know.

People can be confident in their beliefs, even if those beliefs are not based on factual evidence or objective truth. This can lead to individuals holding onto flawed beliefs without being open to new information or perspectives. It can contribute to opposition and conflict, as individuals become more entrenched in their beliefs and less willing to consider alternative viewpoints. By recognizing that our opinions may not always be grounded in objective truth, we may approach new information with an open mind and a willingness to reevaluate our own beliefs. With the light of new insights we can engage in constructive dialogue and debate, rather than simply insisting on the validity of our own opinions without regard for other viewpoints.

34. The high-minded man must care more for the truth than for what people think.

A truly virtuous person is motivated by a commitment to truth and justice, rather than by a desire for personal gain or social status. The pursuit of truth should be the guiding principle for all of our actions and decisions, regardless of how others may perceive us. Be willing to stand up for what is right, even if it is unpopular or goes against prevailing opinions or social norms. By placing a higher value on truth than on the opinions of others, a person is able to act with courage and conviction and to make a positive impact on the world around them. It takes moral courage and ethical principles and the pursuit of excellence to achieve a fulfilled life.

35. The least deviation from truth will be multiplied later.

A small deviation from the truth of objective facts, in the beginning, can have a corrupting influence later on. Errors, mistakes, or inaccuracies, if not corrected early, can compound and amplify over time, leading to even more destructive consequences in the future. When you realize this problem it promotes the importance of getting started with accuracy and precision in all aspects of life, and warns against the dangers of neglecting even the smallest details.

36. For though we love both the truth and our friends, piety requires us to honor the truth first.

We may have an equal love for both our friends and the truth, but your sense of duty and respect for the truth should take precedence over our personal attachments. Prioritize the truth over your relationships because the truth is an essential part of our moral and ethical responsibilities. Honoring the truth is necessary to maintain the integrity of our beliefs and actions, and failing to do so can lead to a breach of trust and an erosion of our values. It is our duty to uphold the truth above all else.

37. The investigation of the truth is in one way hard, in another easy. An indication of this is found in the fact that no one is able to attain the truth adequately, while, on the other hand, no one fails entirely, but everyone says something true about the nature of all things, and while individually, they contribute little or nothing to the truth, by the union of all a considerable amount is amassed.

That every person has the ability to observe and understand certain aspects of the world around them. However, he believed that each individual’s observations and insights, while potentially accurate, only contribute a small piece to the larger truth about the nature of all things. While each person’s perspective may be valuable, it is only through the collective effort and debates of many individuals that a comprehensive and accurate understanding of the world can be achieved. Collaboration and open-mindedness in seeking truth is essential, as no single person can fully grasp the complexity and nuance of the world on their own.

38. A goal of the wise is not to secure pleasure, but to avoid pain.

The pursuit of pleasure should not be the goal of a wise person. Instead, a wise person should seek to avoid pain, both physical and emotional. Pleasure-seeking could lead to harmful or reckless behavior, whereas avoiding pain can promote prudence and caution. A wise person is able to resist short-term pleasures that may bring about long-term pain, and instead, prioritize actions and decisions that minimize pain and promote long-term well-being. A philosophy of moderation and self-control, where the avoidance of pain takes precedence over the pursuit of pleasure brings long term happiness.

39. What is the Good for man? It must be the ultimate end or object of human life: something that is in itself completely satisfying. Happiness fits this description…we always choose happiness for itself and never for any other reason.

Happiness is the ultimate goal of human life, and we pursue it for its own sake, rather than for any other reason. Human actions, whether they are moral, intellectual, or physical, are ultimately motivated by a desire for happiness. Happiness is not a fleeting emotion or a temporary state of mind, but rather a lifelong pursuit and a reflection of the overall quality of one’s life. Happiness is not achieved through external goods such as wealth or power, but rather through the development of virtue and the cultivation of inner qualities such as wisdom, courage, and compassion.

40. Happiness does not consist in amusement. In fact, it would be strange if our end were amusement, and if we were to labor and suffer hardships all our life long merely to amuse ourselves. The happy life is regarded as a life in conformity with virtue. It is a life that involves effort and is not spent in amusement.

A happy life is one that is lived in accordance with personal virtue. Living virtuously involves making an effort to develop one’s character and acting in a way that is consistent with one’s highest values and beliefs. Happiness is not simply a matter of feeling pleasure or avoiding pain, but rather it’s the result of living a life that is meaningful and fulfilling. A happy life is not spent in idle amusement, but rather in the active pursuit of excellence and personal growth. It is a life that involves hard work, self-discipline, and the cultivation of inner qualities such as wisdom, courage, and compassion. The pursuit of happiness is not a passive or trivial endeavor, but rather a serious and ongoing effort to live a life that is worthy of our highest aspirations.

41. Happiness is a quality of the soul, not a function of one’s material circumstances.

Happiness is not determined by external factors such as wealth, power, or material possessions, but rather by the internal state of the soul. Happiness is a quality of the soul that is the result of living a virtuous life and fulfilling one’s potential as a human being. A person can be happy even in difficult circumstances if they possess the virtues of courage, wisdom, and justice. Similarly, a person with material wealth and power can not be happy if they lack these inner virtues. Happiness is not something that can be obtained through external means, but rather a state of being that is achieved through self-reflection, self-improvement, and the cultivation of inner qualities. Happiness comes as a result of developing the inner life of the soul.

42. Happiness is a state of activity.

Happiness is not a passive or static state, but rather a dynamic and active one. It is not simply a matter of experiencing pleasure or avoiding pain, but rather the result of engaging in activities that are meaningful, fulfilling, and in line with one’s values and beliefs. It’s a state of activity because it involves the continuous pursuit of excellence and personal growth. The happiest people are those who are actively engaged in activities that challenge and inspire them, and that provide a sense of purpose and fulfillment. It’s not a one-time achievement, but rather an ongoing process that requires constant effort, reflection, and self-improvement.

43. The cultivation of the intellect is man’s highest good and purest happiness.

The cultivation of the intellect is the highest good and the purest form of happiness for human beings. Human intellect has the capacity to engage in abstract thought, to reason logically, and contemplate the mysteries of the universe. According to Aristotle, the pursuit of knowledge and discovery of new things is the most noble and fulfilling endeavor that a person can undertake, as it enables humanity to realize its full potential as rational and intelligent beings. The cultivation of the intellect involves the development of humanities intellectual faculties through education, reflection, inquiry and discovery. Aristotle believed that the pursuit of knowledge and understanding is not only a personal good but also a social good, as it enables individuals to contribute to the betterment of human society through their knowledge and expertise. The cultivation of the intellect is the key to achieving the highest form of humanity’s happiness and fulfillment.

44. The activity of God, which surpasses all others in blessedness, must be contemplative; and of human activities; therefore, that which is most akin to this must be most of the nature of happiness.

The ultimate goal of human life is to achieve the highest form of happiness which is contemplation. The activity of God, which is considered the most blessed and perfect activity, is contemplative in nature. Human beings are happiest when they engage in activities that are most akin to this divine activity of contemplation. Contemplation is the highest and most noble of all human activities, as it involves the exercise of the rational faculties of the soul and the contemplation of eternal and universal truths. In his view, the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom through contemplation is the key to achieving the highest form of human happiness and fulfillment.

45. Happiness is the settling of the soul into its most appropriate spot.

Aristotle, believed that happiness is a state of being that results from living a virtuous life and fulfilling one’s potential as a human being. According, happiness is not a fleeting emotion or a momentary pleasure, but rather a settled state of the soul that comes from living in accordance with one’s true nature. That human beings have a natural inclination towards certain activities, and that happiness is achieved when the soul settles into its most appropriate spot, or when individuals engage in activities that are in line with their natural disposition and talents. Happiness is not something that can be pursued directly, but rather a byproduct of living a life that is in harmony with one’s natural human inclinations and abilities.

46. Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim, and the end of human existence.

The goal of human life is to achieve happiness, which he saw as the meaning and purpose of human existence. It’s a state of being that results from living a life of virtue and excellence.The attainment of happiness requires individuals to live a life of virtue, which involves developing and cultivating their intellectual, moral, and social faculties. Essentially, Aristotle was arguing that human beings are happiest when they live a life that is in accordance with their nature and potential, and that the pursuit of happiness is the ultimate goal and purpose of human existence.

47. Happiness belongs to the self-sufficient.

Happiness is the ultimate goal of human life, and that it is attainable only by those who are self-sufficient. According to Aristotle, self-sufficiency refers to a state in which individuals have everything they need to live a happy and fulfilling life, without relying on external goods or other people. He argued that happiness is not something that can be attained through material possessions or external circumstances, but rather a state of being that is achieved through the cultivation of one’s inner virtues and the fulfillment of one’s potential. There is personal responsibility and self-reliance in achieving happiness, and it can only be achieved by those who are self-sufficient and have developed the internal resources necessary to live a fulfilling life.

48. Happiness depends on ourselves.

Happiness, or eudaimonia, is the ultimate goal of human existence and it depends on ourselves. He argued that external factors such as wealth, power, or status may bring temporary pleasure or satisfaction, but they do not guarantee lasting happiness. True happiness is achieved through personal growth, self-actualization, and living a life of virtue.We can cultivate our own happiness by developing good habits, exercising reason and judgment, and pursuing meaningful activities that align with our values and interests. Therefore, he emphasized that happiness is not a result of external circumstances, but a state of mind that we can cultivate and maintain through our own choices and actions.

49. One swallow does not make a summer; neither does one fine day; similarly, one day or brief time of happiness does not make a person entirely happy.

True happiness is not a fleeting emotion or a temporary experience, but a sustained state of being. According to Aristotle, happiness is not just about experiencing fleeting moments of pleasure or joy, but about living a life of virtue, self-reflection, and personal growth. A single moment of happiness or success cannot define a person’s entire life, just as one swallow or one fine day does not indicate the arrival of summer. It’s an ongoing pursuit, achieved through the cultivation of good habits, meaningful relationships, and a sense of purpose.

50. All human actions have one or more of these seven causes: chance, nature, compulsion, habit, reason, passion, and desire.

The seven causes of human action are: chance, nature, compulsion, habit, reason, passion, and desire. Those are factors that motivate human behavior. Chance refers to events that happen without any premeditation or intention. Nature refers to innate biological factors that influence behavior, such as genetics or instinct. Compulsion refers to actions that are forced or coerced by external factors. Habit refers to actions that become automatic through repetition. Reason refers to actions that are guided by rational thinking and deliberate decision-making. Passion refers to actions that are driven by intense emotions or feelings. Desire refers to actions that are motivated by wanting or needing something. Understanding these different causes can help us gain insight into human behavior and motivations, and can guide us toward making more intentional and deliberate choices.

51. Plot is character revealed by action.

A person’s character’s traits and qualities are best revealed through their actions and behavior. The plot of a story should not simply describe what happens, but should also reveal important information about the cultivated character and their motivations. Through their actions, characters reveal their strengths, weaknesses, desires, and flaws, which in turn shape the trajectory of the plot. The plot should be structured in such a way that it allows the person’s character to develop and evolve over time, and the events of the story should be driven by the actions and decisions of the character. This idea is often referred to as “character-driven” storytelling, where the focus is on how the character responds to the challenges and conflicts it faced, rather than simply what happens to them. By emphasizing the relationship between plot and character, Aristotle highlights the importance of crafting a compelling and dynamic narrative that allows the characters to shine through their actions and choices.

52. If things do not turn out as we wish, we should want for them as they did turn out.

We should accept and embrace the outcomes of our experiences, even if they are not what we originally desired. Life is unpredictable, and we cannot always control the events that happen to us. Instead of dwelling on what we cannot change, Aristotle encourages us to focus on finding the positive aspects of our situation and learning from our experiences. By choosing to want things as they did turn out, we can cultivate a sense of acceptance and resilience, and avoid becoming trapped in negative emotions or regrets. This idea is closely tied to the Stoic philosophy of focusing on what is within our control, and accepting what is not. Aristotle believed that by adopting a mindset of acceptance and gratitude, we can find meaning and fulfillment in even the most challenging circumstances.

53. A tyrant must put on the appearance of uncommon devotion to religion. Subjects are less apprehensive of illegal treatment from a ruler whom they consider god-fearing and pious. On the other hand, they do less easily move against him, believing that he has the gods on his side.

Rulers who seek to maintain power and control over their subjects often use religion as a tool to manipulate and control the masses. Tyrants must appear to be devout and pious in order to gain the trust and loyalty of their followers, even if they do not truly believe in the tenets of their religion. By using religion as a means of control, tyrants can influence the beliefs and behaviors of their subjects, and justify their own actions as being in line with divine will. This idea is rooted in Aristotle’s belief that the best form of government is one that is based on reason and virtue, rather than coercion and manipulation. By warning against the use of religion as a means of political control, Aristotle emphasizes the importance of integrity, honesty, and ethical leadership in government.

54. The best friend is the man who, in wishing me well, wishes it for my sake.

True friendship is characterized by a selfless desire to see the other person succeed and flourish, rather than a desire for personal gain or benefit. According to Aristotle, a true friend is someone who wants the best for their friend, not because it will benefit themself but because they genuinely care about their friend’s well-being and happiness. This type of friendship is based on mutual respect, trust, and affection, and is characterized by a sense of shared values and goals. By emphasizing the importance of selflessness in friendship, Aristotle highlights the ethical and moral dimensions of human relationships and encourages us to cultivate meaningful connections based on mutual care and concern. For Aristotle, the best friend is not only a source of support and encouragement but also a reflection of our own character and values.

55. Friends are an aid to the young, to guard them against error, to the elderly, to attend to their wants and to supplement their failing power of action; to those in the prime of life, to assist them to noble deeds.

Aristotle sought to help all people. He highlights the different ways in which friendship can provide support and guidance at different stages of life. According to Aristotle, friends we can serve as a source of wisdom and guidance for young people, helping them to avoid mistakes and make wise choices as they navigate the challenges of adolescence and early adulthood. For the elderly, friends we can offer practical assistance and support, helping to address the physical and emotional challenges of aging. And for those in the prime of life, we can provide inspiration and motivation, encouraging them to pursue meaningful goals and strive for excellence in all aspects of life. By emphasizing the diverse roles that we as friends can play in all of our lives. He highlights the importance of cultivating deep and meaningful connections with others, and recognizing the value of different perspectives and life experiences.

56. What is a friend? A single soul dwelling in two bodies.

Aristotle suggests that true friendship involves a deep and profound connection between individuals, in which they share not only common interests and values but also a sense of unity and mutual understanding. Friends are more than just people we enjoy spending time with or share common experiences with; they are individuals with whom we share a deep and meaningful connection, akin to that of two parts of a single entity. This connection is rooted in a sense of shared identity, in which we see ourselves reflected in our friend, and our friend sees themselves reflected in us. By emphasizing the importance of this deep and intimate bond, Aristotle highlights the unique value of friendship in human life and encourages us to cultivate meaningful connections with others. For Aristotle, the ideal of friendship is not just a source of pleasure or enjoyment, but a reflection of our deepest values and aspirations, and a key element in a fulfilling and meaningful life.

57. A friend is a second self so that our consciousness of a friend’s presence makes us more fully conscious of our own existence.

True friendship involves a deep and intimate connection between individuals, in which they share not only common interests and values, but also a sense of mutual awareness and understanding. Friends are like a second self, reflecting back to us our own thoughts, feelings, and experiences, and helping us to see ourselves more clearly. This identity and awareness makes friendship valuable, as it allows us to connect with others in a deep and meaningful way, and to better understand ourselves in the process. This shared sense of consciousness is the unique value of friendship in human life, and encourages us to cultivate deep and meaningful connections with others beyond that unique relationship.

58. Wishing to be friends is quick work, but friendship is a slow-ripening fruit.

While it may be easy to desire or aspire to friendship, true friendship is a process that requires time, effort, and patience. Friendship is not something that can be acquired quickly or easily; rather, it is a gradual process that requires individuals to develop trust, respect, and intimacy over time. This process of friendship, in Aristotle’s view, is like the slow ripening of fruit, which requires careful cultivation and patience in order to reach its full potential. By emphasizing the importance of this gradual process, Aristotle highlights the unique value of friendship in human life, and encourages us to approach it with care, commitment, and a willingness to invest in the development of deep and meaningful connections with others.

59. The antidote for fifty enemies is one friend. Without friends, no one would want to live, even if he had all other goods.

Friendship is a powerful and essential element of human life, one that can provide comfort, support, and protection in the face of adversity. Friends are an antidote to the challenges and difficulties we face in life, providing a sense of security and companionship that can help us to overcome even the most daunting obstacles. Without this sense of connection and community, Aristotle argues, life would be unbearable, even if one had all other material goods. By emphasizing the importance of friendship in this way, Aristotle highlights the unique value of human relationships in shaping our lives and our sense of well-being, and encourages us to cultivate deep and meaningful connections with others. The ideal of friendship is not just a source of pleasure or enjoyment, but a fundamental element of a fulfilling and meaningful life.

60. Misfortune shows those who are not really friends. A friend is a second self.

A friend is a second self, that fact suggests that true friendship is not just a matter of enjoying good times together, but of supporting one another through difficult times as well. True friends are those who stand by us even in the face of adversity, providing comfort, support, and encouragement when we need it most. In this sense, misfortune can serve as a kind of litmus test for friendship, revealing who our true friends are and who is merely a fair-weather acquaintance. By emphasizing the importance of this kind of steadfast loyalty, Aristotle highlights the unique value of friendship in human life, and encourages us to cultivate deep and meaningful connections with others based on mutual trust, respect, and compassion.

61. He is his own best friend and takes delight in privacy, whereas the man of no virtue or ability is his own worst enemy and is afraid of solitude.

Aristotle suggests that our relationship with ourselves is a fundamental aspect of our overall well-being and sense of fulfillment. Those who possess virtue and ability are able to find joy and satisfaction in solitude, and enjoy the company of their own thoughts and reflections. By contrast, those who lack these qualities are more likely to be plagued by self-doubt and anxiety, fearing the prospect of being alone with themselves. This highlights the importance of cultivating a positive and healthy relationship with ourselves, one that is characterized by self-awareness, self-acceptance, and a deep sense of personal purpose and meaning. By emphasizing the value of this kind of inner strength and resilience, Aristotle encourages us to invest in our own personal growth and development, and to cultivate the qualities of character that will enable us to lead fulfilling and meaningful lives even when alone.

62. In poverty and other misfortunes of life, true friends are a sure refuge. The young they keep out of mischief; to the old, they are a comfort and aid in their weakness, and those in the prime of life they incite to noble deeds.

Friendship can provide a valuable source of support and comfort in times of hardship and adversity. When we face difficult or challenging circumstances, it is our friends who can help us navigate those situations with greater ease and resilience. By offering us emotional support, practical assistance, and a sense of shared purpose and meaning, true friends can help us weather the storms of life and emerge stronger on the other side. In this sense, Aristotle highlights the unique value of friendship as a source of strength and resilience and encourages us to intentionally cultivate deep and meaningful connections with others based on mutual trust, respect, and compassion. For Aristotle, the ideal of friendship is not just a matter of enjoying good times together, but of supporting one another through the trials and tribulations of life, and helping each other to lead more fulfilling and meaningful lives.

63. We should behave to our friends as we would wish our friends to behave to us.

An expression of the Golden Rule, states that we should treat others as we would like to be treated ourselves. For Aristotle, this principle is particularly important in the context of friendship, where mutual respect, trust, and kindness are essential for building strong and enduring bonds. By encouraging us to treat our friends with the same care and consideration that we would like to receive from them, Aristotle emphasizes the importance of empathy and understanding in all of our relationships. By putting ourselves in the positions of our friends, and considering their needs and desires as we would our own, we can build deeper connections and create a sense of shared purpose and meaning. This encourages us to cultivate the qualities of character that will enable us to be better friends, and better human beings.

62. Distance does not break off the friendship absolutely, but only the activity of it.

Physical separation need not lead to the end of a friendship, rather it may only affect the level of activity and engagement between friends. Friendship is based on a deep and abiding sense of mutual trust, respect, and affection, and is not easily broken by external circumstances such as distance or time. While it may be more difficult to maintain regular contact and interaction with a friend who is geographically distant, that need not lead to the end of the friendship itself. Instead, it encourages the maintaining of a connection and shared purpose, even in the absence of regular contact. By staying in touch through letters, or other means of communication, friends can continue to support and encourage one another, and maintain the bonds of mutual affection that are essential to a true and lasting friendship. In this way, distance need not be an obstacle to the pursuit of deep and meaningful relationships, and true friends will always find a way to stay connected, no matter what the circumstances.

63. Wishing to be friends is quick work, but making friends is a slow ripening fruit.

It is easy to desire friendship with others, but building true and lasting relationships takes time, effort, and patience. True friendship is based on a deep and abiding sense of mutual respect, trust, and affection that develops gradually over time, through shared experiences and a growing sense of familiarity and understanding. While it may be tempting to rush into new friendships, Aristotle suggests that that approach is likely to be superficial and short-lived, as it is based more on a desire for social status or personal gain than on genuine feelings of friendship. Instead, he emphasizes the importance of taking the time to get to know others, to share in their joys and sorrows, and to build a sense of trust and respect that can form the foundation of a true and lasting friendship. By cultivating the qualities of patience, empathy, and understanding, Aristotle suggests that we can create the conditions for deep and meaningful relationships to take root and flourish and enjoy the many benefits that come from having true and loyal friends in our lives.

64. In poverty and other misfortunes of life, real friends are a sure refuge.

True friends are a vital source of support and comfort in times of adversity, such as poverty or other misfortunes of life. According to Aristotle, a real friend is someone who not only shares our joys and successes but also stands by us through difficult times, offering a listening ear, a helping hand, and a source of emotional and practical support. In times of poverty, a true friend is someone we can turn to for help and assistance, whether it be through sharing resources, offering advice or simply being there to listen and provide comfort. By providing a sense of emotional and practical support, true friends can help us to weather life’s storms and emerge stronger, more resilient, and more capable of facing future challenges.True friendship lies in its ability to provide us with a sense of connection, purpose, and belonging, even in the darkest of times.

65. These virtues are formed in man by his doing the actions. The good of man is a working of the soul in the way of excellence in a complete life.

Virtues are not innate qualities, but rather they are developed through the actions that a person performs. In other words, virtues are habits that are cultivated over time through repeated practice. The good of man lies in the working of the soul in the way of excellence, which involves cultivating virtues through the practice of good actions. For Aristotle, a complete life is one in which a person lives according to the virtues they have developed, and the ultimate goal of human life is to live a life of excellence that is guided by reason and morality. Therefore, the cultivation of virtues through the practice of good actions is a central aspect of Aristotle’s ethical philosophy, and it is seen as essential to achieving the good life.

66. I count him braver who overcomes his desires than him who conquers his enemies; for the hardest victor is over self.

The hardest victory is the one over oneself because it requires the most courage, self-discipline, and self-control. The highest form of human excellence is achieved through the development of virtues, which are habits of behavior that enable us to act in accordance with reason and in pursuit of the good. By cultivating virtues like temperance, courage, and self-control, we are able to overcome our own impulses and desires and act in a way that is truly admirable. This is not an easy task, but he believed that it is essential for living a good life and achieving eudaimonia.

67. He who has overcome his fears will indeed be free.

Fear is a natural human emotion that can sometimes hold us back from living a full and fulfilling life. He believed that true freedom comes from overcoming our fears and living with courage and confidence. By conquering our fears, we become free to pursue our goals and passions, to take risks and try new things, and to live our lives to the fullest. Overcoming fear is not an easy task and often requires hard work, perseverance, and a willingness to face our fears head-on. However, it is a necessary step in achieving true happiness and fulfillment in life.

68. Through discipline comes freedom.

Freedom is not the absence of rules or constraints, but rather the ability to live our lives according to our own values and desires. He argued that discipline is a necessary prerequisite for achieving this kind of freedom. By disciplining ourselves and learning to control our impulses, we become free to pursue our goals and live in harmony with our own values and principles. Through self-discipline, we gain mastery over our own thoughts and actions, and we develop the strength and resilience we need to overcome challenges and obstacles. Freedom is not something that is given to us, but rather something that we must earn through self-discipline, and a commitment to personal growth.

69. The law is reason free from passion.

Laws should be based on reason rather than emotion. The purpose of the law was to create a just society, and that required a rational approach that put aside personal biases and desires. By basing the law on reason, it would be more objective and fair, and less prone to corruption or abuse. He also believed that laws should be created with the goal of promoting virtue and the common good, rather than simply serving the interests of the powerful. Law is a means of achieving social harmony and promoting the well-being of all members of society.

70. Democracy arises out of the notion that those who are equal in any respect are equal in all respects; because men are equally free, they claim to be equal.

Democracy arises from the idea that all people are fundamentally equal and free, and therefore should have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. In a democratic society, the people collectively hold the power to make decisions about how they will be governed. However, Aristotle also recognized that this egalitarian ideal is not always easy to achieve in practice, as people have a natural tendency to form hierarchies based on factors such as wealth, social status, or intelligence. He believed that the key to a successful democracy is to strike a balance between the principles of equality and freedom and to establish laws and institutions that ensure that everyone’s voice is heard and that the rights of all citizens are protected.

71.To avoid criticism, say nothing, do nothing, be nothing.

There is the inevitability of criticism versus the importance of taking action and pursuing one’s goals despite it. By saying “to avoid criticism, say nothing, do nothing, be nothing,” he is essentially stating that anyone who chooses to take a stance, have an opinion, or pursue any goal will inevitably face criticism from others. Therefore, to avoid criticism altogether, one must remain completely inactive and uninvolved, which is the equivalent of being nothing. Instead of being afraid of criticism, Aristotle suggests that we should accept it as part of the process of growth and development and strive to learn from it and improve ourselves. In essence, he is encouraging people to be bold, take risks, and pursue their goals despite the possibility of criticism.

72. The aim of art is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance.

The purpose of art was not merely to imitate the physical appearance of things but to represent their deeper meaning and essence. Art should reveal the inner reality of objects, events, and people. He argued that art had the power to go beyond mere surface appearances and convey the essence of its subject matter. For Aristotle, this was the ultimate aim of art, to show what is essential about the world and human experience. He believed that through art, people could better understand themselves and the world around them, leading to a more profound appreciation of life and the human condition.

73. Hope is a waking dream.

Hope is a powerful force that drives human action, and it is closely tied to the imagination. Hope is a form of optimism that inspires people to strive for their goals and to overcome the obstacles that stand in their way. Hope is a kind of “waking dream” because it allows us to envision a better future for ourselves, even in the midst of difficult circumstances. This imaginative aspect of hope is what makes it such a transformative force, capable of inspiring us to achieve things that might otherwise seem impossible. For Aristotle, hope was not just a passive emotion, but an active and dynamic force that could shape the course of our lives.

74. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, meaning that the entirety of something is often more significant than the individual components that make it up. The concept relates to the idea that when parts are combined, they create something new and greater than what they were individually. The statement is often applied to systems, such as organizations or communities, where the whole entity is more powerful than the individuals who make it up. This idea is important in philosophy and other fields, such as psychology, where it is applied to the study of human behavior and the relationship between individuals and society. Overall, Aristotle’s statement highlights the importance of unity and collaboration to achieve a greater outcome than what could be achieved alone.

75. Dignity does not consist in possessing honors but in the consciousness that we deserve them.

Dignity was not a matter of external recognition but instead comes from within. He believed that true dignity came from having a sense of worth and value in oneself, rather than from the possession of external honors or titles. Dignity is linked to our sense of personal responsibility and moral character. He believed that those who acted virtuously and in accordance with their true nature were the ones who truly deserved recognition and respect. Dignity was not just about the approval of others, but also about the self-respect and sense of purpose that comes from living a life of virtue and excellence.

76. It is during our darkest moments that we must look carefully to see the light.

Dark moments are encountered and then the importance of perseverance and optimism become paramount. During difficult times seeing the distant goal in a positive view encourages individuals to not lose hope and to look for the positive aspects in the challenging situation. It suggests that even when we are faced with hardship, there is still a chance for things to improve and for us to find a way out of the darkness. The quote also implies that we must actively seek out the light rather than passively hoping for it to come to us. By doing so, we can gain a sense of control over our circumstances and find the motivation to keep moving forward.

77. All persons ought to endeavor to follow what is right, and not what is established.

Aristotle is advocating for moral and ethical behavior that is not solely based on what is accepted or established by society or culture. He encourages individuals to strive to do what is right, even if it goes against prevailing norms or expectations. This idea is grounded in Aristotle’s belief in virtue ethics, which emphasizes the importance of cultivating virtues such as courage, justice, and wisdom. By following what is right rather than what is established, individuals can lead more fulfilling and meaningful lives and contribute to the betterment of society as a whole.

78. In all things of nature, there is something of the marvelous.

There is a sense of wonder and awe to be found in every aspect of the natural world. That by studying nature, we can come to understand the workings of the world and appreciate the beauty of its complexity. To Aristotle, the natural world was not merely a collection of objects to be observed and categorized, but a dynamic and interconnected system that could be understood through observation, analysis, and reflection. By paying close attention to the natural world, we could gain insights into the workings of the universe and come to appreciate the wonder and complexity of existence. Thus, Aristotle believed that everything in nature was marvelous, and it was our duty to appreciate and understand it.

79. He who cannot be a good follower cannot be a good leader.

Good leadership requires the ability to both lead and follow. He argued that being a good follower is just as important as being a good leader because a leader must understand the needs and concerns of those they are leading. If someone cannot follow well, they are unlikely to be able to understand what it takes to lead others effectively. In addition, a good follower is an essential part of any successful team or organization. They must be able to work well with others and support their leader’s goals. Strong leadership requires the ability to both lead and follow, and one cannot be a good leader without also being a good follower.

80. Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human. Society is something that precedes the individual. Anyone who either cannot lead the everyday life or is so self-sufficient as not to need to and therefore does not partake of society is either a beast or a god.

Humans are social creatures and society is an essential aspect of our existence. We need to be a part of a community to fulfill our potential and lead a good life. He believed that living in society helps us to develop our virtues and skills, as we learn from others and share our experiences. Those who choose to live in isolation as being either below our notice, like animals, or above it, like gods. Socializing is essential to being human, and those who do not participate in social activities are not living a complete life. Aristotle claimed that individuals who are unsocial are unnatural and, therefore, unable to achieve their full potential.

81. Poetry is more nuanced and more philosophical than history; for poetry expresses the universal, and history only the particular.

Poetry was a more philosophical and nuanced art form than history because poetry expressed universal truths and ideas, while history was limited to the specific and particular. Poetry had the power to communicate complex emotions and ideas through language and imagery, and that can convey a deeper understanding of the human experience. In contrast, history was limited to documenting events and facts, and while it could provide insight into the past, it did not have the same philosophical and emotional depth as poetry. According to Aristotle, poetry had the ability to connect with people on a deeper level and communicate the universal aspects of human experience, making it a more powerful and meaningful art form.

82. The only stable state is the one in which all men are equal before the law.

Equality before the law is necessary for a stable state. He believed that the law should be the same for all citizens, regardless of social status or wealth. In a society where the law is applied unequally, there will be conflict and unrest, as some people will feel that they are being treated unfairly. By establishing a system of equal justice, all citizens will feel that they are being treated fairly, and this will help to promote social harmony and stability. Achieving and maintaining such a state is difficult, but he believed that it was necessary for a just and stable society.

83. Courage is the first of human qualities because it is the quality which guarantees the others.

Courage was the most important of all human qualities because it is the foundation upon which all other virtues rest. Without courage, people would not have the strength to stand up for what they believe, or take risks and face challenges. Courage is essential for achieving anything worthwhile in life, as it requires one to be able to overcome fear and adversity. Aristotle believed that courage was not just about physical bravery, but also included the courage to face difficult moral choices and to speak the truth, even when it is unpopular or goes against the status quo. In short, he believed that courage is a cornerstone of all other virtues and the key to a fulfilling life.

84. The soul never thinks without a mental picture.

The soul, or the mind, is always associated with an image or representation. According to Aristotle, when we think or remember something, we have a mental image of it in our minds. This mental image can help us understand and remember information better, and it also allows us to think more creatively and abstractly. By connecting our thoughts with mental images, we can better understand the world around us and develop new ideas and perspectives. This quote emphasizes the importance of visualizing concepts and ideas in order to fully comprehend and utilize them.

85. Time crumbles things; everything grows old under the power of Time and is forgotten through the passage of time.

Time is a powerful force that erodes and destroys everything in its path. As time passes, everything grows old and eventually becomes forgotten. The quote reminds us that nothing in life is permanent and everything is subject to change. It also emphasizes the importance of living in the present moment and cherishing the things and people that we have in our lives because they will not be there forever.

86. To lead an orchestra, you must turn your back on the crowd.

To lead an orchestra, the conductor must focus on their own knowledge and skills, and trust that their direction and guidance will result in a beautiful performance that will ultimately be appreciated by the crowd. The conductor must be willing to turn their back on the distractions of the audience and instead focus on the task at hand, which is to guide the musicians in creating a harmonious and cohesive sound. Similarly, a good leader must be able to focus on their own goals and vision for their organization, and not be overly concerned with the opinions or distractions of those around them. By remaining focused and committed to their own values and direction, they can inspire and motivate their team to work together towards a common goal.

87. Men create gods after their own image, not only with regard to their form but with regard to their mode of life.

Aristotle believed that humans project their own desires, beliefs, and values onto the gods they worship, creating gods in their own image. He believed that humans, as imperfect beings, cannot fully understand or comprehend the divine, and therefore, they create gods that reflect their own limited understanding of the divine. He argued that the way people behave and act in their daily lives is also reflected in their religious beliefs and practices. Therefore, the gods people worship often reflect their own values and lifestyles. Ultimately, Aristotle saw the creation of gods as a reflection of human nature, rather than an objective reality.

88. Whatever lies within our power to do lies also within our power not to do.

We have the power to choose our actions, but we also have the power to choose not to act. It is within our control to act in a certain way, to make certain decisions, and to take certain actions. However, we also have the power to refrain from acting, to hold back, and resist temptation or desire. In this way, we are responsible for our actions and have the ability to make choices that align with our values and goals. It is our responsibility to use this power wisely and to make choices that are in line with our moral principles and our ultimate goals in life.

89. It is of the nature of desire not to be satisfied, and most men live only for the gratification of it.

There is a tendency of human desire to be insatiable. That most people live solely for the purpose of fulfilling their desires, without ever considering the consequences of doing so. This approach to life is ultimately unfulfilling, as it leads to a constant cycle of wanting and needing more, without ever finding true contentment. He implies that a better way to live is to cultivate a sense of moderation and balance in our desires, and we can find true satisfaction and fulfillment in life.

90. If you would understand anything, observe its beginning and its development.

To understand anything fully, one must observe not only its current state but also its history and development. By studying an object or phenomenon from its beginning, one can gain insight into its essential nature and its trajectory of growth and change. This approach is especially important in scientific inquiry, where a complete understanding of a phenomenon requires a detailed examination of its causes and mechanisms. He also emphasized the importance of studying the development of living beings, as this can reveal the underlying principles of growth and change that govern all living things. Aristotle understood that a thorough understanding of the world required careful observation and study of its origins and development.

91. Young people are in a condition like permanent intoxication because life is sweet, and they are growing.

Aristotle compares their state of being of youth to that of being perpetually intoxicated because they are filled with the joy of living and are experiencing growth and change. This perspective emphasizes the energy and vitality of youth, and it suggests that young people are in a unique position to take advantage of all that life has to offer. At the same time, the quote implies that this state of being is temporary and that as people age, they lose some of the intoxicating qualities of youth. Ultimately, this quote is a reflection on the power of youth and the importance of embracing life to the fullest, while recognizing that this state of being is fleeting.

92. It is not once nor twice but times without number that the same ideas make their appearance in the world.

Aristotle said that ideas, theories, and concepts are not isolated events but rather repeated and interconnected occurrences that exist in a cyclical nature throughout history. He argued that these ideas do not appear once or twice, but numerous times in various forms, indicating a cyclical pattern of human thought and behavior. Aristotle suggested that human beings tend to fall into similar patterns of thought and behavior because of the universality of certain experiences and the basic nature of human desires and needs. Therefore, it is important to study history and ideas to gain a deeper understanding of human nature and the patterns that emerge over time.

93. We give up leisure so that we may have leisure, just as we go to war to have peace.

Aristotle was referring to the concept of balance and the need for opposite forces to coexist. In order to fully appreciate and enjoy leisure time, we must first work hard and be productive. Similarly, in order to achieve peace, we must first go through the turmoil and strife of war. He was saying that these seemingly opposing forces are in fact complementary and necessary for a fulfilling life. He believed that finding a balance between work and leisure, and between struggle and peace, was the key to living a happy and meaningful life.

94. The weak are always anxious for justice and equality. The strong pay no heed to either.

The weak, who lack power and influence, are often concerned with fairness and equality, while the strong, who have power and control, are not as concerned with these values. Aristotle suggests that the strong may not feel the need for justice or equality because they are already in a position of advantage, while the weak feel the injustice of their situation acutely. This quote highlights the struggle between those who have power and those who do not and the differing attitudes toward justice that can arise from these different positions.

95. Man is, by nature, a political animal.

Humans are inherently social and political beings, and their need for living in a community is natural and necessary for our survival and flourishing. He argued that humans possess a rational faculty that enables them to engage in social and political life, and that we have a natural inclination toward the pursuit of the common good. The state or polis is the highest form of human association, and it is through the state that humans can achieve their full potential as individuals and as a society. Therefore, for Aristotle, political life is not only natural but also essential for human well-being, and it is only in a well-governed state that individuals can fully realize their human potential.

96. Humor is the only test of gravity, and gravity of humor; for a subject which will not bear raillery is suspicious, and a jest which will not bear serious examination is false wit.

Aristotle believed that humor and gravity, or seriousness, were interdependent and necessary for proper judgment. He argued that humor is a test of gravity because it can reveal the true nature of a subject. If a subject cannot bear any form of criticism or jest, it is likely that it is being held up by false pretenses. Conversely, a subject that can withstand raillery shows its inherent strength and authenticity. Similarly, gravity is a test of humor, as a jest that cannot stand up to serious examination is not true wit. Aristotle believed that humor and gravity were essential for proper judgment and that a person who could balance both was the most skilled at understanding the world.

97. Nature abhors a vacuum.

The famous saying “Nature abhors a vacuum” is attributed to Aristotle, who believed that nature always seeks to fill empty spaces. In his view, a void or empty space cannot exist in nature, as something will always rush in to occupy it. This principle was later developed and refined by other scientists and philosophers, including Galileo and Descartes, who used it to explain the behavior of gases and fluids. The idea that nature abhors a vacuum has been instrumental in the development of modern physics and chemistry, and it continues to influence scientific thinking to this day.

98. Those who cannot bravely face danger are the slaves of their attackers.

Aristotle, those who are unable to confront danger head-on become subservient to their attackers, implying that they lose their freedom and autonomy. By contrast, those who can muster the courage to confront and overcome danger maintain control over their lives and actions. Aristotle’s statement serves as a reminder that bravery and courage are essential virtues for individuals who seek to lead fulfilling and meaningful lives, especially in situations where their safety and security are at risk.

99. Tolerance and apathy are the last virtues of a dying society.

Societies that have become too tolerant and apathetic towards social issues, injustice, and moral decay are headed for their decline. Aristotle believed that a society that becomes too tolerant of things that are morally wrong or socially unacceptable will eventually lose its moral fiber and principles. Additionally, apathy, or the lack of interest or concern for important issues, can lead to a lack of action and change. He believed that a society that is unable to address its issues and challenges with courage and conviction is doomed to fail. Therefore, Aristotle viewed the virtues of courage, morality, and justice as essential for the health and longevity of any society.

100. We acquire a particular quality by acting in a particular way.

Our character is not something innate within us but something that we develop over time through our actions. He argued that we become courageous by acting courageously, just as we become generous by acting generously. In other words, we acquire a particular quality by engaging in the corresponding activity. Aristotle believed that through this process of habituation, we develop virtues, or good habits, which ultimately shape our character. He maintained that the goal of human life is to cultivate these virtues and live a virtuous life. Thus, Aristotle placed great importance on our actions and behaviors, as they are the means through which we develop our character and ultimately achieve our highest potential as human beings.

101. The guest will judge better of a feast than the cook

The success of a feast or a meal is ultimately determined by the people who partake in it, rather than the person who prepares it. While a cook may have the expertise and technical skills to prepare a dish, it is ultimately the guests who will decide whether or not the food is enjoyable or satisfying. This statement implies that the cook’s perception of what makes a good meal may not always align with the preferences and tastes of the guests, and therefore, it is important to take the guests’ opinions into account when planning and preparing a meal.

102. Melancholy men, of all others, are the wittiest.

Individuals who experience melancholy or sadness may possess a heightened sense of wit and humor. This is because melancholy individuals tend to be more introspective and reflective, which allows them to see things from a unique perspective and make unexpected connections between seemingly unrelated ideas. Additionally, the experience of melancholy can give individuals a certain depth of emotion and sensitivity, which can inform their sense of humor and make it more nuanced and sophisticated. That sadness and humor can be intertwined and that some of the wittiest individuals may have experienced melancholy at some point in their lives.

103. By myth, I mean the arrangement of the incidents.

The concept of mythos which is a term used to describe the structure or plot of a dramatic work. According to Aristotle, the mythos or arrangement of incidents is one of the most important aspects of a play, as it determines how the story unfolds and how the characters develop over the course of the work. In this sense, mythos can be seen as the backbone of a play or narrative, providing a framework for the action and shaping the overall meaning and impact of the work. By emphasizing the importance of mythos, Aristotle was highlighting the significance of structure and organization in creating a compelling and effective dramatic work, and social structuring of events.

104. Anything whose presence or absence makes no discernible difference is no essential part of the whole.

Only elements that are necessary for the function or meaning of a whole should be considered essential. In other words, anything that does not contribute to the overall purpose or function of a thing can be considered non-essential or unnecessary. This principle can be applied to a wide range of contexts, from the design of machinery or systems to the construction of an argument or piece of writing. By focusing only on the essential elements, one can create a more efficient and effective design or communication, ensuring that every aspect of the whole contributes to its ultimate goal. This principle is also similar to the idea of “Occam’s Razor,” which suggests that the simplest explanation is often the best one, and unnecessary complexity should be avoided.

105. The greatest virtues are those that are most useful to other people.

The most valuable and noble virtues are those that benefit others, rather than just the individual possessing them. According to Aristotle, virtues such as courage, wisdom, and justice are important, but they become truly great when they are used to benefit others and make a positive impact on society. For example, a courageous person who risks their own safety to protect others is demonstrating a greater level of virtue than someone who simply uses their courage to pursue their own goals or desires. Similarly, a wise person who shares their knowledge and wisdom to help others is demonstrating a greater level of virtue than someone who hoards their knowledge for their own benefit. It is important, to use one’s virtues to contribute to the greater good and make a larger positive impact on the world.

106. It is likely that unlikely things should happen.

This statement points to the concept of probability and the idea that rare or unexpected events are still possible and can occur with some degree of likelihood. Even highly improbable events could still happen because chance and randomness play a role in the world. While it may be unlikely for a rare event to occur, the more opportunities there are for that event to happen, the greater the chances become that it will happen. In addition, Aristotle recognized that there may be factors at play that are beyond our understanding or control, such as the influence of natural events like storms and earthquakes. We must acknowledge the unpredictable and uncertain nature of the world, and we should be open to the possibility of unlikely events occurring and make contingency preparations even if we cannot always predict or explain them.

107. A courageous person faces fearful things as he ought and as reason directs for the sake of what is noble.

The importance of courage is essential in the pursuit of noble goals. A courageous person is someone who faces fearful or dangerous situations with the proper attitude and actions. This means that they do not act recklessly or impulsively, but rather, they act in a way that is guided by reason and directed towards the noble end. Courageous actions are those that are taken in the service of a greater good, rather than simply for personal gain or self-preservation. Courage is closely tied to the idea of virtue, as it involves acting in accordance with a higher moral standard and putting the needs of others before one’s own, with reason and morality guiding the courageous actions.

108. Wicked men obey from fear; good men, from love.

The two main motivations for obedience or compliance with authority. There are two types of people in the world: those who are motivated by fear and those who are motivated by love. Wicked men, or those who are morally corrupt, obey authority figures because they are afraid of the consequences of disobedience. This fear can come from a variety of sources, including punishment, retribution, or social pressure. In contrast, good men, or those who are virtuous and morally upright, obey authority figures out of a sense of love or respect for the authority and the moral principles it represents. They understand that obedience is necessary for the greater good and that it aligns with their own moral values and principles. Obedience is not inherently good or bad, but rather, it depends on the motivation behind it. Good obedience is motivated by love and virtue, while wicked obedience is motivated by fear and self-interest.

109. Even the lover of myth is a philosopher, for a myth is composed of wonder.

The love of mythology and philosophy are closely related as a myth is more than just a fictional story; it is a representation of something mysterious and wondrous that sparks the imagination and raises important questions. A myth, like a philosophical idea, prompts us to think deeply about the world and our place in it, and to consider the deeper meanings and truths that lie beyond our everyday experiences. In this sense, anyone who loves myths is, in a way, a philosopher, because they are engaging with these important philosophical questions and seeking to understand the mysteries of the world. Both myth and philosophy are valuable ways of exploring and understanding the world around us.

110. The poet’s function is to describe, not the thing that has happened, but a kind of thing that might happen, i.e., what is possible as being probable or necessary. Hence, poetry is more philosophic and of graver import than history since its statements are of the nature rather of universals, whereas those of history are singulars.

The poet’s role is not to simply recount events that have already occurred, but rather to create a representation of events that could happen, or that might have happened in a different way. This means that poetry is not just a form of storytelling, but rather a way of exploring and imagining new possibilities and potentialities. By focusing on what could happen rather than what has happened, poets are able to tap into the universal themes and experiences that are relevant to all people, regardless of time or place. Overall, Aristotle’s statement highlights the creative and imaginative nature of poetry, and emphasizes its ability to transcend the specific details of individual events and connect with the broader human experience.

111. Suffering becomes beautiful when anyone bears great calamities with cheerfulness, not through insensibility but through the greatness of mind.

The way in which we respond to suffering can be a source of beauty and admiration. According to Aristotle, it is not the absence of suffering that is beautiful, but rather the way in which we face and overcome it. When we are able to bear great calamities with cheerfulness and grace, it shows that we possess a greatness of mind and a resilience that is worthy of admiration. This does not mean that we should be insensitive to the pain and suffering that we experience, but rather that we should be able to rise above it and find meaning and purpose in our struggles. Our ability to bear suffering with grace and dignity can be a source of inspiration and beauty.

112. It is also in the tyrant’s interests to make his subjects poor; the people are so occupied with the daily tasks that they have no time for plotting.

Tyrants have a vested interest in keeping their subjects poor and overworked, as this makes them less likely to rebel or plot against the ruler. A population that is struggling to make ends meet and has little free time is less likely to organize and challenge the ruling authority. By keeping people busy with the daily tasks of survival, the tyrant is able to maintain control and prevent dissent from taking root. This strategy is often used by oppressive regimes, which use poverty and deprivation as tools of control. This method underscores the way in which oppression can be perpetuated through subtle means such as poverty and overwork.

113. It is unbecoming for young men to utter maxims.

Young people should be cautious about offering advice or making general statements about the world. According to Aristotle, young men (and by extension, young people in general) lack the wisdom and experience necessary to make broad pronouncements about life or to offer guidance to others. This does not mean that young people should be silent or passive, but rather that they should be humble and open to learning from others. By acknowledging their own limitations and seeking out the guidance of older, more experienced mentors, young people can avoid the pitfalls of arrogance and presumption that often come with youth.

114. It is impossible, or not easy, to alter by argument what has long been absorbed by habit.

Changing deeply ingrained habits or beliefs is a difficult task that cannot be accomplished through logical argument alone. According to Aristotle, our habits and beliefs are shaped over a long period of time, and are often deeply rooted in our subconscious minds. As a result, attempting to change them through argument or persuasion is usually ineffective, since our beliefs and habits are not based solely on rational thought. Instead, Aristotle suggests that changing habits requires a more gradual approach, such as consistent practice and repetition. This idea is reflected in the concept of “habituation,” which Aristotle believed was essential to cultivating virtues and good habits.

115. Nobody will be afraid of who believes nothing can happen to him.

Fear is an essential aspect of human nature, and those who do not feel fear are more likely to place themselves in dangerous situations. Fear is a natural response to perceived threats or dangers, and is an important mechanism for self-preservation. Those who do not feel fear are more likely to take risks and engage in dangerous behavior since they do not perceive the potential consequences of their actions. This can be dangerous since it can lead to recklessness and a lack of caution.

116. The pleasures arising from thinking and learning will make us think and learn all the more.

The pursuit of knowledge and intellectual curiosity is inherently rewarding, and that pleasure derived from these pursuits can act as a motivator for further learning. The human mind is naturally curious and seeks out new knowledge and experiences. When we engage in activities such as reading, studying, or problem-solving, we experience a sense of pleasure or satisfaction that motivates us to continue learning. This pleasure is not just a superficial feeling of enjoyment, but rather a deep sense of fulfillment that comes from exercising our intellectual faculties and expanding our understanding of the world.

117. He is happy who lives by complete virtue and is sufficiently equipped with external goods, not for some chance period but throughout a complete life.

True happiness is not a fleeting emotion, but rather a sustained state of being that comes from living a life of complete virtue and having access to the external resources necessary for a good life. Living a virtuous life involves cultivating qualities such as wisdom, courage, self-control, and justice, and using these qualities to make ethical decisions and act in accordance with one’s values. In addition, having access to external things such as financial stability, good health, and supportive relationships is important for maintaining a good life. Happiness cannot be achieved through these external goods alone, and that true happiness comes from living a life of complete virtue and having access to enough of these external goods throughout one’s entire life, rather than just for a brief period of time.

118. Nature does nothing without purpose or uselessly.

Everything in nature serves a purpose and has a function. According to Aristotle, the natural world is characterized by an inherent order and structure, in which every living and nonliving thing has a role to play. This role is determined by the organism’s specific characteristics, such as its physical structure, behavior, and environment. For example, the purpose of a bird’s wings is to allow it to fly, while the purpose of a plant’s leaves is to capture sunlight for photosynthesis. Even seemingly random or chaotic events in nature, such as earthquakes or natural disasters, can be understood as part of a larger purpose or pattern. In this way, Aristotle believed that nature operates according to a rational and purposeful plan, rather than by chance or randomness.

119. All virtue is summed up in dealing justly.

The foundation of all ethical behavior and moral action. Virtues such as honesty, courage, and generosity are all subsumed under the broader concept of justice, which involves treating others fairly and impartially. Justice requires individuals to uphold the rights and dignity of others and to act in accordance with universal principles of fairness and equity. This means that actions must be guided not by personal bias or self-interest, but by a commitment to treating others with respect and fairness. Justice is a fundamental aspect of virtuous behavior and is considered to be the cornerstone of ethical action.

120. Comedy has had no history because it was not at first treated seriously.

The genre of comedy has not received the same level of critical attention and analysis as more serious forms of literature or drama. According to Aristotle, the early origins of comedy were rooted in ancient Greek rituals and festivals, which were designed to celebrate the joy and vitality of life. These early comedic performances were often seen as lighthearted and frivolous and were not taken as seriously as more solemn forms of theater, such as tragedy. As a result, the genre of comedy has been historically undervalued and overlooked and has not received the same level of scholarly attention or literary prestige as other genres. However, despite this lack of critical attention, comedy has remained an enduring and popular form and continues to captivate audiences with its irreverent humor and witty satire.

121. Those who assert that the mathematical sciences say nothing of the beautiful or the good are in error. These sciences say and prove a great deal about them; if they do not expressly mention them but demonstrate attributes that are their results or definitions, it is not true that they tell us nothing about them. The chief forms of beauty are order and symmetry and definiteness, which the mathematical sciences demonstrate to a special degree.

The chief forms of beauty were order, symmetry, and definiteness, which were demonstrated to a special degree in the mathematical sciences. He believed that beauty was not just a matter of personal taste, but was instead an objective quality that could be studied and understood through reason and logic. According to Aristotle, order referred to the arrangement of elements in a way that was logical and harmonious, while symmetry referred to the balance and proportion of those elements. Definiteness, on the other hand, referred to the clear and distinct delineation of individual elements, allowing them to be perceived as separate and distinct from one another. By studying these principles through the mathematical sciences, Aristotle believed that we could gain a deeper understanding of the nature of beauty and the role it played in the world around us.

122. Wealth is evidently not the good we are seeking; for it is merely useful and for the sake of something else.

While wealth can be useful for obtaining other things that we desire, such as food, shelter, and security, it was not an end in itself. The ultimate goal of human existence was eudaimonia, or happiness, which was achieved through the cultivation of virtue and the exercise of reason. Wealth can play a role in this pursuit, but it was not the ultimate goal. The pursuit of wealth can be a distraction from the pursuit of true happiness, leading people to prioritize material possessions over the cultivation of the virtues that were necessary for a fulfilling life. True happiness can only be achieved through the development of a virtuous character and the pursuit of activities that were in accordance with reason and the principles of ethics.

123. It is their character indeed that makes people who they are. But it is by reason of their actions that they are happy or the reverse.

A person’s character is shaped by their habits and values. Possessing a good character is not enough to guarantee happiness as a person’s actions are what determine whether they will be happy or not. It is not enough to be a good person in theory; one must also act in a way that is consistent with their values and virtues. In doing so, one can cultivate the habits and behaviors that lead to happiness and fulfillment. Conversely, if a person acts in ways that are contrary to their noble values, they will experience negative consequences and will not achieve true happiness but true unhappiness.

124. Youth is easily deceived because it is quick to hope.

Youth is more prone to deception because they are quick to hope and have not yet developed the experience and knowledge needed to make informed judgments. Young people often have idealistic and overly optimistic views of the world, and are more likely to believe in promises without thoroughly examining them. They are also more susceptible to peer pressure and the influence of others, which can lead them astray. As people grow mature and gain more life experience, they become more cautious and discerning and are less likely to be deceived. Aristotle’s view is consistent with the idea that wisdom comes with age, and that a person’s ability to make sound judgments is influenced by their level of experience and knowledge.

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An example of Aristotle’s virtuous Greek man with character manifested as beautiful, order, symmetry, and definiteness.

I suppose it takes one to recognize one.

AI approaches the wisdom of Antisthenes

Antisthenes (445 – 365 BC) was an ardent disciple of Socrates, advocating an ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue, and was seen as the grandfather of the Cynics.  Unlearn what is untrue.

Antisthenes (445 – 365 BC) Greek philosopher an ascetic lifestyle.

The AI prompt was, “Give a brief explanation of what Antisthenes meant by “bolded quote””

The text was created at https://chat.openai.com/chat and rewritten for clarity.

The picture at the bottom was created at https://labs.openai.com/ and revised with Corel Paint Shop Pro.

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1. What learning is most necessary? Learning how to get rid of false knowledge needing to be unlearned.

Antisthenes was a Greek philosopher who believed that the most important type of learning is unlearning false knowledge. He thought that humans are born with innate wisdom but that it is often obscured by false beliefs and societal conditioning. In order to truly learn, one must first unlearn these false beliefs and ideas and develop a critical and rational approach to knowledge. True learning is not just about acquiring new information, but also about shedding old, inaccurate beliefs and biases. Thus, he believed that the most necessary type of learning is the process of unlearning false knowledge.

2. The most useful piece of learning for the uses of life is to unlearn what is untrue.

He said that the most valuable type of learning is to unlearn false or untrue beliefs that we have acquired throughout our lives. Much of what we think we know is often based on social conventions, prejudices, and preconceptions that are not grounded in reality and these false beliefs can prevent us from living a good and fulfilling life. To him, unlearning what is untrue is the most useful piece of learning for the uses of life because it helps us to develop critical thinking skills and to see the world more clearly. By letting go of these false beliefs, we become more open-minded and receptive to new ideas and knowledge. We are better equipped to make sound decisions and lead a more meaningful and authentic life. Therefore, the process of unlearning is a critical step in personal growth and development.

3. That learning is most requisite which unlearns evil.

The most important type of learning is the one that helps us unlearn evil. Humans have innate wisdom but it is often obscured by false beliefs. By unlearning evil, we can overcome negative habits, biases, and tendencies that prevent us from being kind, compassionate, and just. This type of learning involves a critical examination of our actions, thoughts, and beliefs to identify and reject harmful behaviors and ideas. Unlearning evil requires courage, determination, and a willingness to change. It is a continuous process that involves self-reflection, self-improvement, and the cultivation of virtuous habits. Therefore, the most important type of learning is the one that helps individuals unlearn evil and develop virtuous behavior, leading to a more fulfilling and meaningful life.

4. Wisdom is a most sure stronghold that never crumbles away nor is betrayed. “Walls of defense must be constructed by our own impregnable reasoning.”

Wisdom is the most reliable form of protection against the uncertainties and dangers of life. External defenses, such as walls or fortresses, can be breached and betrayed, but true wisdom is internal and can never be destroyed or taken away. Wisdom is not something that can be acquired through external sources or teachings but rather something that must be constructed through one’s own reasoning and reflection. We must build our own critical thinking skills, by examining our beliefs and cultivating a rational approach to life. Wisdom comes from within, and it is the result of a lifelong process of self-examination and self-improvement. By developing one’s own reasoning, individuals can create wisdom that can withstand any challenge or difficulty. Thus, one has protection against the uncertainties of life, and it is a constant source of strength and guidance that individuals can rely on to navigate the challenges of their life.

5. We must not contradict, but instruct him that contradicts us; for a madman is not cured by another running mad also.

When someone contradicts us, we should not respond with anger or hostility, but rather see it as instruction and guidance. Attempting to contradict a person who disagrees with us is counterproductive and can lead to further conflict. When someone is acting in a way that seems irrational or harmful, it is important to approach them with compassion and understanding, because responding with anger or hostility is not an effective way to change anyone’s behavior or beliefs. Instead, by quietly and patiently explaining your perspective and providing evidence, you can help the other person see the error in their ways and make positive changes. Responding to irrationality with more irrationality is like trying to cure a madman by becoming mad ourselves. It only perpetuates the problem and does not lead to a resolution but escalates the conflict. Therefore, it is important to approach conflicting situations with a calm and rational mindset, seeking to educate by personal experience and views and never to contradict.

6. The investigation of the meaning of words is the beginning of education.

Investigating the meaning of words is a good starting point for education. Words are the foundation of communication, and therefore, understanding their meaning is essential for effective communication and critical thinking. Words have power and can shape the way we think about our world. Thus, by investigating the meaning of words, we can gain a deeper understanding of the concepts they represent and refine our thinking. The process of investigating the meaning of words involves analyzing their definitions, examining their usage in different contexts, and questioning their underlying assumptions. By engaging in this process, individuals can develop a more nuanced and accurate understanding of their language and with the right words, we can develop a more sophisticated understanding of our world.

7. There are only two people who can tell you the truth about yourself: an enemy who has lost his temper and a friend who loves you dearly.

There are only two types of people who can tell us the truth about ourselves: an enemy who has lost his temper and a friend who loves us dearly. These individuals are uniquely positioned to provide us with honest feedback and insights into our character. An enemy who loses their temper may speak the truth without fear of consequences. They are not concerned with being polite or sparing our feelings, and thus they may be more likely to provide us with honest feedback. On the other hand, a friend who loves us dearly is also well-positioned to provide us with honest feedback because they have our best interests at heart and want to see us succeed. They may be more willing to provide us with constructive criticism and insights into our character. Both our enemies and our close friends can tell us the truth about ourselves in ways that others cannot. By being open to their feedback, we can gain valuable insights into our character, strengths, and weaknesses. This, in turn, can help us to grow and improve as individuals.

8. “What are the advantages of philosophy?” I am able to hold a conversation with myself.

Antisthenes said the advantages of philosophy include the ability to hold a conversation with oneself and through philosophy, to think deeply and critically about one’s own thoughts and beliefs. By questioning their assumptions, examining their beliefs, and evaluating their own behavior, people can improve their relationships with everyone. This type of philosophical self-reflection is essential for personal growth and development. Without the ability to hold a conversation with oneself, individuals risk being trapped in their own limited perspectives and unable to grow and change, ultimately failing to lead a fulfilling and meaningful life.

9. Esteem an honest man above a kinsman.

It is more important to value an honest person over a relative because honesty and integrity are the most valuable qualities in a person, and they should be given more weight than familial ties. Honesty is the foundation of all relationships, including those with family members, and if a relative is not honest, then their connection to us is of little value, perhaps of negative value. Conversely, if a friend who is not related to us is honest and trustworthy, then they are more valuable to us than a dishonest relative. The value of a person is not determined by their bloodline or social status, but by their character, and good character should be esteemed above all else, regardless of the relationship.

10 Virtue can be taught; nobility belongs to the virtuous; virtue alone assures happiness; virtue is an affair of deeds and needs, not words or learning.

Virtue can be taught and learned and it is the key to happiness. Inherited social nobility belongs to a separate kind of virtue, one that is demonstrated through visible public actions. Learned virtue is learning cultivated intentionally into one’s character and results in the display of honesty, integrity and kindness. Personal virtue is not an abstract publicly displayed concept or a matter of intellectual understanding, but rather a practical skill that could be learned and developed through deliberate effort. True nobility is reserved for those who demonstrate this behavior consistently. True virtue is demonstrated through personal deeds and not simply by understanding the concept of virtue intellectually. The pursuit of virtue requires active engagement in virtuous behaviors and actions.

11. What must one do to become good and noble? You must learn from those who know the faults you have that are to be avoided.

To become a good and noble person, you must learn from those who can help you identify and avoid your faults. Your pursuit of virtue requires a deep understanding of your weaknesses and shortcomings and you must seek out the advice and guidance of people who are able to identify and help correct your faults. Seeking out the advice and guidance of those who are more knowledgeable or experienced will help, only if you are open enough to receive painful instruction about your flaws and work to overcome them. Becoming a good and noble person requires humility and a willingness to learn from others, and by doing this, we can become better versions of ourselves and achieve true virtue and nobility.

12. As iron is eaten away by rust, so the envious are consumed by their own passion.

Envy is a destructive emotion and those who are consumed by it suffer grievously from its negative effects. Envy is like rust eating away at iron, which it corrodes and weakens until it is useless. Envy gradually eats away at a person’s sense of well-being and happiness, until it consumes them entirely. Envy is a self-destructive emotion that consumes a person from within. Those who are consumed by envy become obsessed with the success or good fortune of others and may resort to destructive behaviors in an attempt to bring them down. But it is the envious person who suffers the most, as their emotion prevents them from experiencing happiness or fulfillment, and it may provoke a person to self-destruction.

13. The investigation of the meaning of words is the beginning of education.

[duplicate of #6 above.]

14. Ill repute is a good thing and much the same as pain.

Ill repute or a bad reputation can be a positive thing, much like physical pain, as it can serve as a kind of warning or feedback mechanism, telling us when we have done something wrong or acted in a way that is not in line with our values. In this sense, it can be seen as a form of constructive criticism, helping us to correct our behavior and become a better person. Ill repute is similar to physical pain in that it can be a source of motivation. Just as pain can motivate us to take action to relieve it, a bad reputation can motivate us to change our behavior and improve our standing in the eyes of others. It should not be feared or avoided, but rather embraced as a valuable tool for personal growth and development. By seeing ill repute as a positive thing, Antisthenes believed that individuals could use it to become better people and make positive changes in their lives.

15. When men are slandered, they should endure it more courageously than if they were pelted with stones.

Slander and false accusations should be endured with more courage than physical harm such as being pelted with stones. Enduring slander requires a great deal of inner strength and resilience. Unlike physical harm, which can be more easily seen and measured, slander attacks one’s reputation and can have a lasting impact on how others view and treat one. Responding to slander with anger or retaliation would only make the situation worse, as it would give the accuser more power and potentially lead to a cycle of negative behavior. Instead, individuals should have the courage to endure slander with dignity and grace, knowing that the truth will eventually come to light. By enduring slander with courage and fortitude, individuals could maintain their integrity and ultimately overcome false accusations and that is not only more virtuous but also more effective in the long run, as it would ultimately lead to a positive resolution of the situation.

16. Doing good and receiving negative attention is a royal privilege.

It is a privilege to do good even if it results in negative attention or criticism. The pursuit of virtue and living in accordance with one’s principles should be valued more highly than the opinions of others. Those who hold positions of power or influence have a responsibility to use their position to do good for others. Antisthenes saw this as a form of royalty, where individuals have the power to positively impact the lives of those around them. However, he also recognized that doing good may not always be popular or well-received, especially if it challenges the status quo or goes against the interests of those in power. Therefore, being able to endure negative attention or criticism in the pursuit of doing good is a mark of true nobility and it is a royal privilege. It is better to live a virtuous life and be criticized for it than to compromise one’s principles to avoid negative attention or criticism.

17. States are doomed when they are unable to distinguish good men from bad.

The well-being and prosperity of a state depends on the quality of its citizens, and the ability of a polity to distinguish between good and bad individuals is crucial for its survival and success. Good individuals are those who possess virtues such as honesty, courage, wisdom, and justice. They act in the interest of the community and uphold the laws and values of the state. Bad individuals are those who act selfishly, disregarding the well-being of others and the laws of the state. Antisthenes believed that when a polity is unable to distinguish between good and bad individuals, it risks rewarding the bad and punishing the good. This can lead to a breakdown of trust, social unrest, and ultimately the collapse of the state. He argued that a state that fails to recognize and reward good individuals will eventually become corrupt and ineffective. Therefore, it is essential for a state to prioritize the recognition and promotion of good individuals, as this is vital for its long-term prosperity and stability.

18. On being praised by some wicked men, I was sadly afraid that I must have done something wicked that pleased them.

The opinions of others should not be the determinant of your self-worth or morality. Some people may praise or flatter you for ulterior motives or without just cause. You should be concerned when you receive praise from wicked individuals and be afraid that those actions may be in line with their immoral values or that you may have acted in a way that pleased them despite it being morally wrong. Your true worth and morality come from within you and are not dependent on external validation. Therefore, be cautious about receiving praise from individuals whose values and actions do not align with your own.

19. I’d rather be insane than feel some pleasures.

The pursuit of pleasure is not a good goal for human existence, and your seeking growth of your virtue and self-control is good and above all else. You can see that indulging in excessive pleasures will lead to moral corruption and weakness. Pleasure is a fleeting and ultimately unsatisfying experience, while mental and moral strength are qualities that could be developed and maintained over time. Therefore, it is better to sacrifice some temporary pleasures for the sake of long-term integrity and personal growth, even if it appears unconventional or irrational to others. By stating that he would rather be insane than feel some pleasures, Antisthenes was expressing his extreme rejection of pleasure-seeking as a goal in life.

20. When many men praise you, ask yourself, ‘Why, what wrong have I done?’

Be wary when accepting praise from others. If many people praise you, it is important to examine why you are being praised. This is because people are often praising for the wrong reasons, such as for wealth, status, or popularity, rather than for your actual virtues and accomplishments. Therefore, when receiving praise, be self-reflective and critical, questioning whether you truly deserved the praise and what actions or characteristics may have led to the praise. You must avoid becoming complacent or vain, and instead strive to be continuously improving your inner self and physical actions.

21. It is better to fall in with crows than with flatterers; for in the one case you are devoured when dead and in the other case while alive.

Be suspicious of the dangers of flattery and realize the importance of surrounding yourself with honest and trustworthy people. Flatterers are insincere and only interested in gaining personal favor and advantage, and their fulsome praise is often untrue and exaggerated. It is better to associate with crows, who were known for scavenging and eating dead things, than with flatterers. While crows may consume you after death, at least their actions are natural and not motivated by ulterior motives. On the other hand, flatterers are dangerous, as their false praise could lead individuals to become complacent, arrogant, or blinded to their own faults. Therefore, seek out honest criticism and avoid the pitfalls of flattery.

22. Wealth and poverty do not lie in a person’s estate but in their souls.

Your wealth and poverty are not determined by your material possessions but by the state of your soul. A person with a virtuous soul, regardless of their material possessions, is truly rich, while someone with a corrupt soul is truly poor, no matter how much money and property they possess. True wealth lies in virtues like honesty, integrity, and wisdom, and these qualities cannot be bought with money. A person’s worth should be judged by the quality of their character, rather than their material possessions.

23. There are only two people who can tell you the truth about yourself – an enemy who has lost his temper and a friend who loves you dearly.

[Duplicate of #7 above.]

24. Pay attention to your enemies, for they are the first to discover your mistakes.

Self-examination and self-improvement are essential, and you should pay close attention to your enemies because they are more likely to notice and point out your flaws and mistakes, which can help you to improve yourself. By being aware of your weaknesses and faults, you can work to correct them and become a better person. You should not ignore criticism or feedback from those who may not have your best interests at heart, as it can still be valuable in helping you grow and improve.

25. Observe your enemies closely, for they are the first to reveal your faults.

Pay close attention to your enemies, as they are often the first ones to point out your weaknesses and mistakes. By observing your enemies, you can gain valuable insights into their character and behavior, and use this knowledge to improve yourself. You should not ignore your enemies, but rather embrace them as teachers who can help you grow and develop into a kinder person.

26. There is no work so mean, but it would amply serve me to furnish me with sustenance.

There is virtue in living a life of simplicity and self-sufficiency. No work is beneath you if it can provide you with what you need to survive. Be willing to do any work, regardless of how lowly or menial it may seem, as long as it can help you to sustain yourself. Prioritize practicality over pride and believe in the value of work and the dignity of labor.

27. What sort of woman should one marry? If she’s beautiful, you’ll not have her to yourself; if she’s ugly, you’ll pay for it dearly.

There are risks and costs of marriage. For example the appearance and behavior of the woman one chooses to marry can bring problems. If a she is beautiful, she will attract the attention of other men, and the husband will not be able to keep her to himself. On the other hand, if the woman is ugly, the husband may face ridicule or social ostracism, and the cost of maintaining her may outweigh any benefit of companionship or family life. Thus marriage may not be worth the trouble, regardless of the woman’s appearance.

An old man searching old documents from his adult years and discovering things.

All of those things I based my life upon were clearly false, even deliberate lies.

AI approaches the wisdom of Socrates

Socrates (470 – 399 BC) wasn’t among the first Greek philosophers, and by my lights the Greeks weren’t the first philosophers. Those were a tiny group of women that I have written about under the title – Selection – Natural, Sexual, Artificial and Eveish. Socrates did get the intellectual ball rolling for the Greek world and capped his arguments and beliefs with a voluntary suicide. Jesus followed this strange tradition of dying for one’s belief as have many martyrs since. This kind of suicide adds a compelling force for the followers to struggle on when their problems seem insurmountable. “The unexamined life is not worth living.”

Socrates (c. 469 / 470 BC – 399 BC) is the classic Greek philosopher

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Probaway using AI to explain Socrates’ known statements.

The prompts to OPENAI were:

In a paragraph, explain in a challenging way what Socrates meant when he said, “… …”

Give a brief explanation of what Socrates meant by “… …”

Text was created at https://chat.openai.com/chat

Picture was created at https://chat.openai.com/chat and touched up with Corel Paint Shop Pro

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1. The unexamined life is not worth living.

Socrates believed that a life devoid of introspection and critical self-reflection is a life without true purpose or meaning. To him, living an unexamined life was akin to being a mere shadow of oneself, blindly accepting the status quo without considering its implications or questioning its validity. Thus, his statement serves as a call to action for individuals to engage in the lifelong pursuit of self-discovery and critical inquiry, as only through such examination can one truly find fulfillment and lead a life of substance.

Probaway’s comment: The examined life that didn’t result in a change of personal behavior wasn’t worth the effort of examining it.

2. To find yourself, think for yourself.

Socrates believed that true self-discovery and personal growth can only be achieved through independent and critical thinking. He encourages individuals to resist the influence of external pressures and societal norms in favor of introspection and self-reflection. Blindly accepting the opinions and beliefs of others without questioning them leads to a life of conformity and stagnation. Individuals should engage in rigorous self-examination and use their own reasoning to form their beliefs and values. By doing so, they can discover their true identity, purpose, and values, and live a fulfilling life driven by their own convictions.

3. The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.

This challenges the conventional notion that knowledge is synonymous with certainty and infallibility. To Socrates, the pursuit of knowledge is a lifelong journey characterized by constant questioning, learning, and self-correction. By acknowledging one’s limitations and ignorance, one becomes open to new perspectives and ideas, and the pursuit of wisdom becomes a humbling and enlightening experience. Thus, true wisdom lies not in having all the answers but in recognizing the vastness of one’s ignorance and striving to overcome it. Enlightenment comes from embracing the uncertainty and complexity of the world.

4. I know nothing except the fact of my ignorance.

That is an acknowledgement of the limitations of his knowledge and the importance of intellectual humility. Rather than claiming to have absolute knowledge or certainty, Socrates recognized the vastness of what he did not know and approached the pursuit of knowledge with a sense of curiosity and openness. By admitting his ignorance, he could engage in critical thinking and self-reflection, continually questioning his own beliefs and assumptions. To him, wisdom is not in having the answers but in recognizing the vastness of his ignorance and the need for growth. That quest ultimately leads to a more comprehensive understanding of the world.

5. There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.

There is transformative power in knowledge and avoiding the perils of ignorance. To Socrates, knowledge was the ultimate good, as it leads to enlightenment, critical thinking, and personal growth, while ignorance was the root of all evil, leading to blind conformity, prejudice, and intellectual stagnation. Knowledge, and the pursuit of truth through critical inquiry and self-reflection, ultimately lead to a more enlightened and virtuous society. Conversely, he saw ignorance as the primary obstacle to individual and collective progress. Individuals need to recognize the transformative power of knowledge and the dangers of intellectual complacency.

6. I cannot teach anybody anything; I can only make them think.

He promoted personal exploration and learning that can only occur through personal critical thinking and self-reflection, rather than passive absorption of proffered information. He saw himself as a facilitator of learning rather than a teacher, and he guided individuals to engage in rigorous questioning and introspection. Socrates believed that individuals must take responsibility for their own learning, actively engaging in the pursuit of knowledge and seeking to challenge their own assumptions. One must learn through personal effort and a willingness to engage in pushing the boundaries of critical thinking and self-reflection.

7. Wonder is the beginning of wisdom.

To Socrates wonder was not a passive or superficial emotion; it was a fundamental drive to understand the world around us. By asking questions and seeking answers, individuals and whole communities of seekers can unlock the potential for greater understanding, leading to greater intellectual growth and enlightenment for the whole world. Thus, wonder is the starting point for true wisdom, as it leads people to explore and engage with the complexities of the world. Socrates’ statement serves as a reminder of the transformative power of curiosity.

8. Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a hard battle.

To practice empathy and compassion towards others is to recognize that everyone has their own struggles and challenges. To Socrates, kindness was not a passive or superficial gesture but a fundamental aspect of human connection and understanding. By acknowledging the struggles of others and offering support and understanding, individuals can create a more empathetic and compassionate society. We are transcending our differences and connecting individuals through shared humanity.

9. By all means marry; if you get a good wife, you’ll become happy; if you get a bad one, you’ll become a philosopher.

Socrates’ statement may seem paradoxical at first glance, but it reflects his belief in the transformative power of relationships and the value of conflict in personal growth. To Socrates, a good marriage represented a source of joy and fulfillment, leading to a happier and more harmonious life. However, even in the event of a bad marriage, Socrates saw the potential for personal growth and introspection, leading individuals to question their assumptions and beliefs about themselves and the world around them. In this sense, a bad marriage could be seen as an opportunity for philosophical reflection and personal development. Even in adversity, marriage leads to a more fulfilling and enlightened life.

10. Be slow to fall into friendship, but when you are in, continue firm and constant.

Socrates’ statement speaks to the importance of building strong and meaningful relationships, while also emphasizing the need for caution and discernment in forming those connections. To him, true friendship was not a superficial or fleeting connection, but rather a deep and lasting bond founded on mutual trust, respect, and shared values. By exercising caution and taking the time to build genuine connections, individuals can foster strong and meaningful relationships, leading to ever greater personal fulfillment and happiness. At the same time, Socrates recognized the potential dangers of forming friendships too hastily, urging individuals to exercise discernment and judgment in building those connections.

11. Education is the kindling of a flame, not the filling of a vessel.

Socrates challenges traditional views of education as a passive process of memorization and regurgitation of statements. Instead, Socrates saw education as an active and transformative process, one that ignites a passion for learning and inquiry within the individual. It is a dynamic process of discovery that requires active engagement, critical thinking and testing applications of one’s wisdom. It’s a lifelong love of learning and a sense of intellectual curiosity that transcends the boundaries of the classroom which leads to a more enlightened and fulfilling life.

12. Thou shouldst eat to live; not live to eat.

Consider your relationship with food to prioritize health and well-being over indulgence and excess. Food is not a source of pleasure for indulgence but rather a means of sustaining life and promoting physical health. By eating to live, rather than living to eat, individuals can cultivate a sense of discipline and self-control, leading to greater physical and emotional well-being. It benefits you in the long run to approach food with a sense of moderation and balance for a more fulfilling and harmonious life.

13. He who is not content with what he has would not be content with what he would like to have.

Socrates challenges the human tendency to constantly crave more, suggesting that true contentment can only be achieved by cultivating a sense of gratitude and appreciation for what one already has. To him, the pursuit of material wealth and possessions was a futile and ultimately unfulfilling endeavor, one that could never lead to true happiness or contentment. By learning to appreciate and be content with what one already has, individuals can cultivate a sense of fulfillment. He was urging individuals to find satisfaction and contentment from within.

14. Strong minds discuss ideas, average minds discuss events, weak minds discuss people.

He encourages individuals to engage in meaningful and productive discourse, rather than shallow gossip or idle chatter. To him, the true mark of intellectual strength was the ability to engage in thoughtful and insightful discussions about ideas and concepts. By focusing on ideas and engaging in productive discourse, individuals can broaden their intellectual horizons and cultivate a deeper understanding of the world around them. The potential danger of indulging in idle gossip and shallow conversations is that it can leave people without a sense of intention and purpose.

15. Sometimes you put walls up not to keep people out, but to see who cares enough to break them down.

To Socrates, the act of building walls around oneself can serve as a test of the strength and sincerity of one’s relationships, revealing who is truly willing to make an effort to break through and connect at a deeper level. By putting up walls, individuals can sift through the superficial connections in their lives and identify those who are truly worthy of their trust and affection. He urges individuals to approach the building of walls with caution and intention to find and associate with the good and defend one’s self from the bad.

16. Get not your friends by bare compliments, but by giving them sensible tokens of your love.

Intimacy demands meaningful gestures and acts of kindness that demonstrate a sincere appreciation and love for one’s friends. By giving “sensible tokens” of love, individuals can deepen their connections and foster a greater sense of mutual respect and understanding. At the same time, Socrates recognized the potential dangers of seeking out friendships for the wrong reasons, such as flattery, by urging individuals to approach the process with sincerity and intention.

17. Think not of those faithful who praise all of your words and actions, but of those who kindly reprove your faults.

He challenges individuals to reexamine the nature of their relationships and to consider the true value of criticism. To him, the act of receiving feedback and constructive criticism is vital for growth and self-improvement. He seeks those who are willing to challenge and correct him, rather than those who simply offer blind praise. By surrounding oneself with individuals who are willing to kindly reprove their faults, individuals can deepen their understanding of themselves, their actions, and their impact on others, ultimately leading to greater self-awareness and personal growth. Distance oneself from relationships solely based on flattery and praise and cultivate relationships, grounded in honesty and mutual respect.

18. Let him who would move the world first move himself.

Cultivate your personal growth and self-reflection before attempting to enact change in the world. True change must start from within, and individuals should prioritize their own development and improvement before seeking to influence others. By taking the time to reflect on their own values, beliefs, and actions, individuals can cultivate a greater sense of self-awareness and personal responsibility, ultimately leading to a more impactful and authentic approach to change. Approach the process of influencing others with humility, as a necessary precursor to meaningful and impactful changing of the world.

19. Every action has its pleasures and its price.

Socrates challenges individuals to consider the potential consequences of their actions. To him, every decision we make comes with a set of benefits and costs, and it is important to weigh these factors before taking action. While some actions may bring immediate pleasure or gratification, they may come with long-term consequences that are not worth the temporary pleasure. On the other hand, some actions may involve short-term sacrifices but result in greater long-term rewards. By recognizing that every action has its own set of consequences, individuals can make more thoughtful and deliberate decisions.

20. The shortest and surest way to live with honor in the world is to be in reality what we would appear to be.

True wisdom lay in knowing oneself. According to Socrates, living a life of honor was not a matter of appearances, but rather of being authentic and exposing one’s true self. To him, the shortest and surest way to live with honor in the world was to be in reality what we appear to be. We should not pretend to be someone we are not or present ourselves as different from who we truly are. Instead, we should strive to live our lives with integrity, authenticity, and honesty, even if it means admitting our flaws and imperfections. By being true to ourselves and others, we can live a life of honor, free from the burden of deceit and hypocrisy. It requires a careful observation of oneself, the courage to be vulnerable, and the willingness to accept oneself with all our failings.

20b. If we observe, we shall find that all human virtues increase and strengthen themselves by the practice of them.

Virtues are not innate qualities, but rather they are developed through practice and repetition. Socrates said that all human virtues increase and strengthen themselves by the practicing of them. If we practice a particular virtue, such as courage, honesty, or kindness, the stronger it becomes in us, and the more natural it becomes to act virtuously. If we want to acquire a virtue, we need to actively practice it in our daily lives. Through practice and repetition, these virtues become ingrained in our character and how we behave in the world. But vices can also become ingrained through repetition, and so we need to be careful to practice virtues instead of vices.

21. Know thyself.

“Know thyself” is attributed to Socrates, but has been said to be inscribed at Delphi before he was born. However, he made that saying an important part of the concepts he espoused. An individual should strive to have a deep understanding of themself, as true wisdom and knowledge can only come from within. A person must first know themself before attempting to understand the world around them. To know oneself, Socrates believed that one must examine one’s thoughts, beliefs, and values frequently and critically. One must also be honest with oneself and acknowledge one’s flaws and limitations. It requires a lifelong process of self-examination and introspection, which can be challenging but rewarding.

22. Death may be the greatest of all human blessings.

Socrates believed that the pursuit of wisdom and knowledge was the highest calling of human existence, and that death was not something to be feared but rather embraced as a natural part of life. Death frees the soul from the limitations and suffering of the physical body. Socrates apparently believed the soul was immortal as it lived in the hearts of others, and death was simply the separation of the soul from the body. He believed that by living a life of virtue and wisdom, one could prepare oneself for death and the afterlife and to be reunited with the divine and attain true knowledge and wisdom.

23. The way to gain a good reputation is to endeavor to be what you desire to appear.

Socrates believed that reputation was not something that could be controlled directly, but rather it was a natural result of one’s actions and character. He argued that the way to gain a good reputation was not by trying to manipulate how others perceived us but by being the kind of person we want to be perceived as. This means that if we desire to have a good reputation, we should endeavor to be honest, trustworthy, fair, and virtuous in all aspects of our lives. Our reputation will then be a natural consequence of our actions, rather than something we try to fabricate or control. In other words, our reputation is a reflection of who we truly are, not who we pretend to be. By focusing on being the best version of ourselves, we can cultivate a reputation that is genuine, lasting, and based on our true character.

24. Do not do to others what angers you if it is done to you by others.

Sometimes known as Socrates’ “Golden Rule”: if we do not want to be mistreated or harmed, we should avoid doing those things to others. This principle is based on the idea of empathy and the recognition that all individuals have inherent worth and dignity. By following his Golden Rule, we can create a more harmonious and just society, where individuals are valued and treated with fairness and compassion.

25. Contentment is natural wealth, luxury is artificial poverty.

Contentment comes not from material possessions or external circumstances, but from within oneself. Socrates argued that contentment is natural wealth because it is a state of mind that allows us to find joy and fulfillment in simple things and be grateful for what we have. In contrast, luxury is artificial poverty because it creates an insatiable desire for more material possessions and can lead to a never-ending cycle of craving and dissatisfaction. Socrates believed that the pursuit of luxury and material possessions can ultimately lead to a life of emptiness and unhappiness. So, he encouraged individuals to focus on cultivating inner wealth, such as wisdom, virtue, and meaningful relationships. By living a life of simplicity and contentment, he said we can find true happiness and fulfillment, and we can avoid the pitfalls of artificial poverty that come with the pursuit of luxury and material wealth.

26. If a man is proud of his wealth, he should not be praised until it is known how he employs it.

Wealth is not inherently good or bad, but rather its value depends on how it is used. Socrates argued that if a person is proud of their wealth, they should not be praised until it is known how they employ it. The value of wealth is not in the possession of it, but in the use of it. Socrates believed that wealth should be used for the betterment of oneself and society, in ways such as promoting education, or helping others to thrive. If a person uses their resources in a self-serving or unethical manner, then their wealth cannot be considered a source of pride or respect. Focus on how wealth is employed rather than on the possession of it. By using wealth in a virtuous and ethical manner, individuals can create positive change and earn the respect and admiration of others.

27. Having the fewest wants, I am nearest to the gods.

He argued that having fewer wants and desires can lead to greater contentment and a more fulfilling life. Socrates believed that when people focus on material possessions and wealth, they become disconnected from their true selves and from the divine. By contrast, when people have few wants, they become closer to the gods because they are living a more simple and virtuous life. In this sense, Socrates said that simplicity was a key to a good life, and that those who lived with few wants were better able to appreciate the beauty and goodness of the world around them and become closer to the divine.

28. The secret of happiness is not found in seeking more, but in developing the capacity to enjoy less.

Happiness is not found in accumulating more material possessions, but rather in developing the ability to appreciate and enjoy what we already have. Socrates argued that the key to happiness is not in seeking more, but in learning to be content with less. He believed that the pursuit of material possessions often leads to a never-ending cycle of craving more and dissatisfaction with what we have, and that true contentment and happiness come from within. Happiness is a state of mind that we can cultivate through our thoughts and actions. By developing the capacity to enjoy less, we can learn to appreciate the present moment and find joy in the small things in life.

29. Remember that there is nothing stable in human affairs; therefore avoid undue elation in prosperity, or undue depression in adversity.

Life is constantly changing, and nothing is stable or certain in human affairs. Because of this, individuals should avoid becoming too elated or too depressed by their circumstances. In times of prosperity, it is easy to become overly confident or prideful, which can lead to arrogance and a lack of humility. In times of adversity, it is easy to become overly pessimistic or despairing, which can lead to a lack of hope and a sense of helplessness. Socrates said that the key to navigating life’s ups and downs is to maintain a balanced perspective and to avoid becoming too attached to either success or failure. By recognizing that everything in life is temporary and subject to change, individuals can develop a sense of equanimity and inner peace. The key to a good life is not in achieving success or avoiding failure, but rather in learning to navigate the challenges of life with grace and wisdom.

30. When the debate is lost, slander becomes the tool of the loser.

When someone loses a debate or argument, they may resort to slander or personal attacks as a way of deflecting attention from their failure. Instead of admitting defeat or acknowledging the strength of their opponent’s argument, the loser may attack their opponent’s character or reputation as a way of discrediting them. Socrates believed that this tactic was unfair and dishonest, and that it reflected a lack of integrity and intellectual honesty. The purpose of debate and discussion is to seek truth and understanding, not to win at all costs. When individuals engage in slander or personal attacks, they undermine the very purpose of debate and hinder the pursuit of truth. Therefore, approach debate and discussion with an open mind, a commitment to reason and evidence, and a willingness to engage in constructive dialogue with those who hold different views.

31. I am not an Athenian nor a Greek, but a citizen of the world.

Socrates said that his identity was not defined by his nationality or ethnicity, but rather by his status as a human being and a member of the larger global community. He said that all individuals were connected by a shared humanity, and that the divisions created by national or cultural boundaries were ultimately artificial and arbitrary. By rejecting the notion of national identity, Socrates sought to transcend the limitations of his own culture and embrace a more universal perspective on life. He held that all individuals were entitled to the same basic rights and freedoms, regardless of their background or nationality. Being a citizen of the world is a call to recognize our shared humanity and to work towards creating a more just and equitable world for all people.

32. Prefer knowledge to wealth, for the one is transitory, the other perpetual.

Knowledge is a more valuable and enduring asset than wealth. He argued that wealth is transitory and could be lost or taken away at any time, while knowledge is a permanent possession that could never be taken away. Knowledge has the power to enrich one’s life and bring greater fulfillment and meaning, whereas wealth could often lead to greed and selfishness. He urged individuals to focus on the pursuit of truth and wisdom, rather than on material possessions or financial gain. The acquisition of knowledge is a lifelong process that could bring great personal growth and satisfaction, and it is ultimately more important than any form of material wealth.

33. We cannot live better than in seeking to become better.

Socrates believed that the key to a fulfilling and meaningful life is the pursuit of personal growth and self-improvement. He believed that individuals should always strive to become better versions of themselves, by developing their intellectual, moral, and spiritual capacities. Socrates argued that the pursuit of self-improvement was not only a moral obligation but also the best way to achieve a fulfilling life. He believed that the process of becoming better involved continuous learning, self-reflection, and the practice of virtue. By constantly seeking to improve oneself, Socrates believed that individuals could overcome their weaknesses, develop their strengths, and ultimately achieve a sense of inner peace and contentment. In essence, Socrates believed that the journey of self-improvement is the key to a good life, and that individuals could never truly live better than in seeking to become better.

34. Employ your time in improving yourself by other men’s writings so that you shall come easily by what others have labored hard for.

Socrates said that the pursuit of knowledge was a lifelong endeavor and that individuals should continuously strive to learn and grow throughout their lives. He encouraged people to make use of the wisdom and knowledge that others had acquired through their own experiences and writings. By reading and studying the works of others, individuals could easily gain knowledge that had been hard-earned by others. Reading and thinking are essential activities for personal growth and individuals should make the most of their time by engaging in these activities as much as possible.

35. Envy is the ulcer of the soul.

Envy is a destructive emotion that can eat away at an individual’s soul. Socrates saw envy as a form of discontentment and resentment towards others, born out of a feeling of inferiority or a sense of violated entitlement. Envy could cause an individual to become bitter, resentful, and unhappy, as they focused on what others had, rather than what they themselves possessed. Envy is a self-destructive emotion that prevent individuals from appreciating their full potential. By recognizing their own strengths and focusing on their own personal growth, individuals could overcome envy and achieve a greater sense of inner peace and satisfaction.

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A conversation between two men about how wonder is the beginning of wisdom.

The examined life that didn’t result in a change of personal behavior wasn’t worth the effort of examining it.

A Dictionary of New Epigrams – Enemy

1. A self-observant man notices terrible habits lurking in the back of his mind.
2. It is nearly impossible to fight an enemy who is hidden in your head.
3. It is more helpful to your future tranquility to find peace with your internal enemies than with your external ones.
4. Negative thoughts become your enemy by impeding your progress toward your goals.
5. To the degree that we become enemies of the good within us, we become enemies to all humanity.
6. The weapons you construct to harm your enemy will be gnawing at your mind first.
7. You are safe from the enemy’s slanders if you understand and respect yourself.
8. The more pure your heart, the easier it is to be friendly to your enemies.
9. Thinking while trying to do things is an enemy that interrupts the flow.
10. The enemy of our bold action is our conscience, overthinking the risks and feeling for the sufferings of others.
11. It is easy to forgive a foreign enemy because while supporting his country, he is being honored.
12. Our enemies speak of our faults and virtues from an external point of view that is visible to others but not to us.
13. A wise man gets more benefits from his enemies than a fool receives from his friends.
14. Access to luxury is an enemy that will destroy most people’s good intentions.
15. Make a safe escape route for your enemy to withdraw with honor.
16. It’s a waste of your time to have an enemy.
17. It’s a good idea to have good relations with your national enemy, as someday you may be on the same side fighting a new enemy.
18. If we understood our enemy’s existential need, we could negotiate for some mutual benefit.
19. Your enemy has a following who trusts him, and therefore he has good qualities for you to approach with humanity.
20. Making a friend of an enemy won’t deprive him of the ability to defend himself but will reduce his wish to harm you.
21. The kindest way to destroy an enemy is to make him a friend and utilize him to support and help you.
22. Love your enemy because, beneath his skin, he is a human being deserving of love and respect.
23. Flatterers and sycophants are enemies that will eat away your soul and wealth.
24. It is hard to forgive a friend for a betrayal because he is selfishly serving himself at the expense of your friendship.
25. An egoist seeking his selfish wishes suppresses his human need for comradeship, and his heart becomes his enemy.
26. Your public enemies seek your weak spots to attack and are great educators.
27. An enemy will attack you with what he dreads.
28. Anger will make enemies stupid, and they will make foolish mistakes.
29. A little enemy ignored will become a great enemy.
30. If you want cooperation from a potential enemy, let him excel you.
31. When the world is changing fast, following the success of past experiences may be an enemy of your survival.
32. To speak the truth too clearly will make enemies.
33. Don’t forecast your intentions to your enemy.
34. To have enemies, you must stand for something and be known for standing for it.
35. Certainty is the enemy of seeking the truth.

Finishing my list letter T – Modifying the world’s proverbs to play the Aphor Game of Creation

I am almost done with cleaning up a long list of proverbs collected over this last year of studying the world’s verbal culture as expressed in proverbs. The list was remnants of other things that got dumped over into a leftover bin, and today I will rewrite items from the letter T.

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1. A fly will circle attractive lights but burn its fragile wings in a tiny candle flame.
2. A generous man gives and receives good things, but a miser pulls everything to himself and accumulates a pile of rubbish.
3. A third person often makes a conversation more stimulating.
4. A boy’s eyes will desire more than his belly can hold at a feast.
5. Any statement has a grain of truth if you wring it hard enough.
6. Criminals are the most envious of criminals that are more successful than themselves.
7. Dancing requires little more than knowing how to walk and stumble.
8. Debating long and hard will bring everyone into permanent conflict.
9. Don’t take care of a woman who has a habit of abandoning men.
10. Food that must be licked from thorns may cost more blood than it’s worth.
11. It is sound wisdom followed that is seen five years later as the right thing to have done.
12. Keep your tasks near optimal productivity, and don’t break the flow with excess demands.
13. Never do anything that will require an apology.
14. Someone will always help if you know how to present your problem correctly.
15. Sometimes it’s the loudest who gets blamed, but more often the absent one is silent and can not be defended.
16. Success often covers many failures.
17. Take advantage of what you have before someone steals it.
18. Take care of important things first, and do fun tasks later as a reward.
19. Take counsel when it’s current before it goes sour.
20. Take every opportunity that comes your way because it will never return.
21. Talk of the devil’s deeds, and you create a personal relationship with evil.
22. Talking too much gets you into trouble, as does too much of anything.
23. Teachers die, but you can quickly review the lessons learned in books.
24. Tender surgeons cut too lightly to cure your problem.
25. That which brings merriment to others’ failings will set you up for doing similar things and failing.
26. The best goods are the highest quality you can afford.
27. The best pilots are those watching a foundering ship from ashore.
28. The better the carpenter, the better looking his pile of scraps.
29. The cause which is worth supporting needs someone to champion it.
30. The company you choose will slowly form you into a new person.
31. The cow knows how to use her tail correctly, so don’t bother her when milking her, or you will get less milk.
32. The dead are not only dead to their world but also to everyone else.
33. The valley’s depth is compared to the height of the mountains on either side.
34. The devil has his heroes among the living.
35. The ending of foolish joy is the beginning of a fool’s sorrow.
36. The farther you are from the center of political power, the closer you will be to nature’s laws.
37. The goat’s way of life is different from a sheep’s.
38. The goose attacks with a wild blustering of its wings and pokes with its beak.
39. The great masters of human strivings are poverty and necessity.
40. The great tree will bend its twigs in the wind.
41. The heart feels what it feels and can not lie, but beware of the mind’s thoughts.
42. The master makes his horses healthy, and the mistress makes the house a home.
43. The more spectacular the accomplishment the more fierce the ridicule and criticism
44. The open door invites thieves and predators.
45. The person that loves to gossip with you will talk about your faults.
46. The poor and disadvantaged are satisfied with trifles.
47. The rich have many friends, most of whom are sycophants.
48. The scabby sheep bleats helplessly at its afflictions.
49. The seeds of a crop are best planted in the damp soil at dawn.
50. The successful people are criticized, as are the losers and the ordinary folk.
51. The super picky will make their choices based on trivial qualities.
52. The swift risk takers win the races, but long pleasant lives are had by the slow and thoughtful.
53. The thing that gives you pleasure may injure you if you don’t look at it from a moment five years later.
54. The world likes to be cheated a little, so they feel righteous about cheating others.
55. The young and healthy may die, especially in a war, but the old must die.
56. The young and inexperienced haven’t experienced betrayals and scoundrels.
57. The young ravens have the same beaks as the old but must learn to use them.
58. There are far more thieves than are ever hanged.
59. There are many ways to accomplish a goal; your task is to find just one and make it work.
60. There can be too much of anything, even good things, but it rarely comes to that.
61. There is a fool at every event, and it is often you.
62. There is no point in carrying a comb when you are bald.
63. There’s always a better something than what you have if you are a miser.
64. There’s no place like home unless it’s with your buddies at the local bar.
65. They who fight with God on their side find it easy to kill their opponents.
66. Things are never the same when seen from a different time and place.
67. Things that challenge you so you nearly succeed will make you stronger.
68. Thorns prick the hands and arms, but sharp tongues prick the heart.
69. Those most learned in books, but lacking in experience, will apply great wisdom poorly.
70. Those with a criminal record are the first to be accused of every crime.
71. Those with a clear conscience can sleep and wake up refreshed.
72. Time will avenge all wrongs, is the hope of the violated.
73. To do nothing teaches one to be evil.
74. Train your children before they encounter the evil people that will soon be found in their public.
75. True friends are at the core of happiness and health.
76. True riches are health and contentment.
77. Two wrong turns don’t make a right, but three left turns do.
78. What you do to others can be done to you if you provoke them; worse, you will torture yourself with these thoughts in your mind.

Gibraltar – Modifying the world’s proverbs to play the Aphor Game of Creation

Proverbs and aphorisms from more than 220 countries have been modified and can be used in the Aphor Game of Creation. You are challenged to flex your mind to discover new ideas between similar aphorisms and as extensions of them. Gibralter had no proverbs listed on my search, and I had a list of Mediterranean ones that I wanted to work with.

Sources: Proverbicals

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1. A dashing bachelor will become a covetous husband.
2. A hundred-year-old family feud is just getting started.
3. A lawsuit is a ripe fruit tree to a lawyer.
4. A little man can cast a long shadow.
5. A lover only feels the pain of longing.
6. A mountain didn’t come to Muhammad, but one rose from the ground for several pharaohs.
7. A sailor must be able to sail in all winds and tides.
8. A sane lawyer never goes to court with his own problems.
9. An ocean of lies lies between what is said and what is done.
10. Anger destroys opportunities, and despair sees them but doesn’t respond.
11. Be fair even with the devil, but don’t expect him to be fair in return.
12. Better to give a dollar than to lend twenty.
13. Between a wife and her husband, don’t utter a whisper.
14. Deep sorrow and stress can turn hair roots white overnight.
15. Don’t give counsel or salt until they are so needed they are requested.
16. Donkeys are built for walking, and that’s just what they will do.
17. Eat and drink with your relatives and friends, but do business with strangers.
18. Every man is nearest to those habits he has created in himself.
19. Everyone loves justice when a judge gives it to other people.
20. Experience is valuable, but it generates no forethought in most people.
21. Few people who attend church become saints.
22. Foolish boys will soon become wiser or deader.
23. For those who don’t understand how to pray, let them go to sea for a year.
24. Gifts from enemies are like baits to a fish.
25. God spare me from a kid with a drum and an older man with a fiddle.
26. Good eyes will see nothing if the brain isn’t interested.
27. Haste is always risky, but especially so for high climbers.
28. He who builds by the roadside will get many suggestions.
29. He who feeds you with beautiful words feeds you with an empty spoon.
30. He who is captain of his fate has few headaches.
31. He who knows very little can tell all he knows quickly.
32. He who serves the public serves none but himself.
33. Hope is the last grasp for the defeated.
34. If you bark your shins on the same impediment, change your approach.
35. If you can do it now, do it, and move on.
36. If you dig a pit for others to fall into, you can never walk anywhere comfortably again.
37. If you seek to be rich in a year, you will be dead in six months.
38. If you want love, you must pay for it with love.
39. If your friend bores you, lend him some money, and you will hear fantastic stories.
40. It is better said of you that here he spoke wisdom than where he died.
41. It is better to lose a good saddle than a good horse.
42. Learn to identify which heads have good sense and which don’t.
43. Love begins in song and ends in tears.
44. Many have brave stories to tell when the enemy is gone.
45. Men are as old as the women they are with, and the same for women.
46. No one goes to heaven in a carriage but in a wagon.
47. Old habits never die but can be buried by hiding their stimulus.
48. Old saints don’t get much incense burnt at their feet.
49. Overeating anything that isn’t poison will make you fatter.
50. She who was born beautiful is nearly married.
51. Skip over those enjoyments that you or your loved ones will regret.
52. Staying in bed is hard work for a sick man.
53. The beauty and scent of every flower are brief.
54. The best defense is to create doubt about any benefit of attacking.
55. The clothing we wear at Heaven’s Gate has no pockets.
56. The greatest fool is a bookish fool who reads but doesn’t contemplate.
57. The healthy die first if they take stupid risks.
58. The medicine you are given is intended to be a worse poison to the disease than to you, but it’s still a poison.
59. The rich never need to search for their relatives.
60. The road to hell is paved with ill-gotten pleasures.
61. The rocks will rule him who will not rule his rudder.
62. The voice of one is only as valuable as the new facts it brings.
63. The way for a productive artist to sell his work is to die.
64. “They say so” is a half-lie put into another’s mouth.
65. Those who begin too many things will often finish none.
66. To one who is ready to act, all that remains is the moment.
67. Too much happiness spoils the heart.
68. Too much laughter is a covering for grief.
69. Too much prosperity makes fools of ordinary men.
70. Use caution in taking physical risks, and charge ahead in safe situations with potential gains.
71. When the apparent peril has passed, God and the saints are soon ignored.
72. When you enter a new place, instantly obey the special rules.
73. When you must make a choice, think ahead to a likely event and look back at your choice.
74. Where there is no temptation, there is no moral challenge.
75. With patience, you can assemble knowledge into wisdom.
76. Yielding to compromise is usually the easy path to success.
77. You are better off with an egg a day for a year than a drumstick for dinner.
78. You cannot write down a profound silence.
79. You must give new thanks for every new gift.
80. Your character cultivates your sins and will torment you at unexpected times.

Seychelles – Modifying the world’s proverbs to play the Aphor Game of Creation

Proverbs and aphorisms from more than 220 countries have been modified and can be used in the Aphor Game of Creation. You are challenged to flex your mind to discover new ideas between similar aphorisms and as extensions of them.

Sources African Proverbs – Motivation Africa – Seychelles Nation – World Proverbs

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1. A beautiful coffin doesn’t attract death.
2. A crooked branch can be straightened with fire.
3. A day for a wise man is better than a stupid one’s whole life.
4. A dog that lives on the bank of a mountain brook loves his water.
5. A feeble effort will not fulfill the self’s longing to be necessary.
6. A man, like a cow, must find his living where he’s tied.
7. A man who uses force is afraid of logical reasoning.
8. A pygmy’s shadow, like a giant’s, is longer in a setting sun.
9. A roaring lion will catch no game.
10. A well-fed old lion is friendlier than a hungry young one.
11. A wise person looks ahead far enough to find a way to his goal.
12. Adding a little water to the sea doesn’t change its behavior.
13. All monkeys and all men cannot hang from the same branch.
14. Confiding a secret to a fool gives it to your competitors.
15. Do not call your dog with a whip in your hand.
16. Do not look where your butt hit the ground but where you slipped.
17. Employing your time well will grant you much leisure.
18. Even a lion must protect himself against insects.
19. Examine what is being said and not who is saying it.
20. Having a good discussion is more pleasurable than a pocket full of coins.
21. He who can not obey cannot command.
22. He who creates problems for others creates more for himself
23. He who is afraid of words will have no heart for a fight.
24. He who loves you also loves your dirt.
25. He who seeks wild honey must cope with bees.
26. However far a stream flows, it still becomes part of the ocean.
27. If a little tree depends on a larger tree, it will die small.
28. If a nail bends while building a house, straighten it and try again.
29. If you are filled with pride, wisdom will elude you.
30. If you are too small, spend the night with a swarm of insects.
31. If you don’t hate yourself, the hatred of an enemy won’t bother you.
32. If you heal the leg of an enslaved person, don’t be surprised if they run away.
33. Why worry about dimming the stars if you love the full moon?
34. If you want to know which way you are going, look at where you started.
35. It feels better to be loved than feared, but it doesn’t get some things done.
36. Knowledge is a garden, and it must be cultivated to produce fruits.
37. Knowledge without wisdom is like pouring water onto dry sand.
38. Love is a sickness, and kindness to one’s self is the return of conflict with another.
39. Love will comfort us with lies.
40. No medicine can cure hatred.
41. No one is born wise, and they must carefully create their wisdom.
42. No person is born great. Instead, they become great while others are playing games.
43. One falsehood spoils a thousand truths, and one proof of error will destroy a heap of untested facts.
44. One who causes pain for others may teach them how to avoid it.
45. Only your real friends will mention your flaws, and that’s in private.
46. Rain also falls on your neighbor’s roof.
47. The night may be long, but dawn will come.
48. The wise monkey only leaps to what he can reach.
49. There are no shortcuts to the top of a palm tree.
50. Those with narrow worldviews don’t notice opportunity.
51. Truth is found in love, and love in truth.
52. Walk with your flip-flops until you can find shoes.
53. When a crisis appears, the wise build bridges and the foolish build walls.
54. When an elephant is in trouble, even an insect will attack him.
55. When an older man dies, a library of wisdom is burned.
56. When you carry your water, you will be careful of its use.
57. Where love exists, people are happy.
58. Wisdom comes after a long struggle.
59. Wisdom isn’t like money to be bundled up and hidden.

Tonga – Modifying the world’s proverbs to play the Aphor Game of Creation

Proverbs and aphorisms from more than 220 countries have been modified and can be used in the Aphor Game of Creation. You are challenged to flex your mind to discover new ideas between similar aphorisms and as extensions of them.

Sources: Inspirational Stories – Ling a Lot – Zambian Translators

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1. A hyena knows where it has hidden its dinner.
2. A man who ignores wise counsel will have unexpected problems.
3. A married woman must now care for her husband’s family and her own.
4. A story becomes more enjoyable when there is a little spice added.
5. A tiny plant may be eaten where it grows without attracting attention.
6. A wizened elder who never speaks might be grouped with the children.
7. Always be prepared for disaster because disasters will come if you are around long enough.
8. Always depart on good terms, and you may return as a friend.
9. Be patient with the sea; the time will come when it helps you.
10. Best friends can kill one another over trifles.
11. Birds are constantly traveling to where they can survive and thrive.
12. Crimes against you will be without warning, but you can make them difficult to perpetrate.
13. Display gratitude every time you have a chance.
14. Do not wish ill to befall another because those thoughts rebound as your behavior towards yourself.
15. Do your jobs with your practiced skills, not by hearing a teacher tell you how you can do it.
16. Don’t indulge in prostitution because it’s too easy for a while but disastrous later.
17. Don’t let your fishing bag get holes that let your catch slip away.
18. Don’t whirl a snake around you as the other snakes will see you and attack you sneakily.
19. Even a stranger will be helped a little by a local.
20. Everyone has a different way of coping with their impossible problems.
21. Everyone has the potential to be rich if they get to work early and stay late and save those profits.
22. Friendship is like footprints on the beach sand, gone with the next wave.
23. Give thanks for any gift, as even a small gift is proof of friendship.
24. Habitual criminals may seem to get away with things, but they can get hung up sometimes.
25. He who provokes a war must be able to fight.
26. Human labor and wisdom are stored as money, which can soften the blows of future misfortune.
27. If a man indulges in adultery, he will pay a heavy price.
28. If someone helps you do what you want, you must repay them.
29. If you are a stranger in a place, you must not expose yourself to its dangers.
30. If you commit a crime to help another person, you still must pay the penalty for the crime you committed.
31. If you lose your leadership position, you also discard many worries.
32. It is perfect foolishness to be angry at the sea.
33. Many unseen things happen at night and also in the daytime.
34. My language lives to give its speakers the wisdom to thrive.
35. Not all of the ants are workers, and not all of the men are workers.
36. Observe wisdom being given to others and consider it for improving your well-being.
37. Old employees know how to slack off without being noticed by the boss.
38. People always die before their time; therefore, witchcraft is always the cause of death.
39. People must use their property for their routine personal tasks.
40. People should pay people who do good things for them rather than give money to those who squander their lives.
41. People who do something for pay don’t do those things for their family members for free.
42. People who drink to ease their suffering generate more suffering.
43. People without any financial reserves get into serious trouble when little problems erupt.
44. Prepare with knowledge and skills for the tasks you will soon be facing.
45. Share everything with others, even the big and small things.
46. Sick people who eat and walk about give other sick people courage to live.
47. Some days offer more opportunities to be lucky if you let it happen.
48. Some people have all the social benefits, but the most important is given freely by nature.
49. Some things start small and grow big, and others start big and grow small.
50. Stay positive by paying attention to the good things you can do.
51. Stray bullets kill bystanders.
52. The enslaved people shared the barely edible bran.
53. The foolish men who hide their money are safer than the wise ones who display theirs.
54. The white men have no family ties, and money is their only interest.
55. Theft from your relatives is a family affair and doesn’t involve public laws.
56. To be punctual means to be early at the place where some scheduled thing will happen.
57. Warriors are always part of a group; to attack one is to summon all of them to attack you.
58. Water spilled into the sand is not worth recovering.
59. We are a small island but as great as any of them.
60. We must change our behavior to fit our evolving abilities.
61. When you have an abundance, please share it with the community.
62. When you speak with authority, you must make sure what you say happens.
63. Where success will be easy, it will come to you if you act correctly.
64. Where there are people, there is wisdom to be shared.
65. Working brings the benefits that money can buy.
66. You don’t need to grow horns to be an adult.
67. You must eat all food at its proper time, or it has the potential to kill you.
68. Your life may be difficult, but evolution has designed you to succeed.

Bhutan – Proverbs for playing the Aphor Game of Creation

Here are modified proverbs, and aphorisms from more than 220 countries to be used in the Aphor Game of Creation. You are challenged to discover new ideas in between aphorisms and as extensions of them.

Sources: Bang Quotes – Bhutanese Proverbs – Symbol Hunt – World Proverbs

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1. A door cannot be hung to close exactly right when there are too many carpenters.
2. A father must have a few difficult conversations with his son for them to understand each other’s worldview.
3. A girl with a dutiful heart and good behavior is more valuable to our community than you.
4. A newborn is encouraged to cry and thus to breathe with a gentle slap.
5. A person who loves you will tell you the truth and not flatter you with false encouragement.
6. A trustworthy person possesses our heart and thus our actions.
7. An archer doesn’t share his abilities and aiming techniques with the targets.
8. Be prepared for rain and clear the drains when it’s easy.
9. Begin analyzing your worldly life when a child, your religious life in your teens, and develop your gifts to the world in your twenties.
10. Every living thing will die from a proximate cause.
11. Feel the tune, not the voice; think the words, not the tune; and evaluate the wisdom, not the words.
12. Half-truths come from second-hand reports, and we can’t tell which half to believe.
13. If you build a bridge, you should be the first to cross it.
14. If your goal is good, you will believe that your thoughts supporting it will be good, and your actions toward that goal will also be good.
15. Jay Leno owns approximately 286 vehicles, yet he travels by air and rents cars at his destination.
16. Never reveal your trade secrets to the customers, or you will lose your job and dinner.
17. Sausages are composite products that you shouldn’t confuse with meat.
18. The dangerous character of a tiger is known to us instinctually, but another man is assumed to be amiable until he attacks you.
19. The nose doesn’t respond to its owner’s foul smells as offensive.
20. Things happen, but you alone are the creator of the joys and sorrows you feel that were caused by those happenings.
21. To give happiness to a loved one is too heavy a responsibility to give to a horse to carry.
22. To know what you can do and not do is the virtue of wisdom.
23. We can see rain falling in the distance but not above before it hits us.
24. We must speak the truth with a loving heart to a loving heart.
25. When we are flooded, it rains, and on a hot day, there are no clouds, and the sun is hotter.
26. When under artillery attacks, there is no distinction between the upper and lower class.
27. When you have no financial involvement with your relatives, your relationships with them will be amicable.
28. When you speak, observe your audience to be sure they understand.
29. Words like an arrow in flight are intended to hit an individual target.
30. You can easily subdue fires and enemies when they are young and small.
31. You can find pleasure and fun below your waist, but conflicts and trouble also begin there.
32. You must speak truth to their loving heart but not with raw facts.
33. You must walk the trail before knowing how far it is to the mountain.
34. Your mother’s milk is reality’s greatest gift, but receiving too much brings trouble.